Health And Disease Flashcards
Disease?
A problem with a structure or process in the body that is not due to injury.
Non communicable?
Not infectious, can’t be passed on
Communicable?
Can be passed on, infectious
Causes of scurvy?
Lack of vitamin C, bleeding gums, aching muscles
Causes of rickets?
Lack of vitamin D or calcium makes curvy bones
Anaemia cause?
Lack of iron, tiredness, less and smaller red blood cells
BMI equation?
BMI=mass/height (squared)
Smoking affects?
Damage artery lining, builds fat in artery wall, blood clot may block artery
How to treat cardiovascular disease?
With a stent, which is a mesh tube which holds it open to widen to let more blood through
Virus?
Virus’ aren’t true organisms because they do not have cellular structure. They multiply by infecting a cell.
Carriers of a disease are also called?
Vectors
Example of physical barriers?
Skin
Example of chemical barrier?
Sweat, mucus, tears
Process of lymphocyte attacking a pathogen?
Lymphocytes have antibodies, other cells and viruses have antigens on their surface. When a lymphocyte comes into contact with a pathogen and their antibody fits the antigen it activates the lymphocyte and it multiplies and send out large amounts of antibodies which deactivate the pathogen
What are memory lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes that have attacked a pathogen in the last will now have a much quicker secondary response if the pathogen is in the body again, making you immune to that pathogen
Discovery of penicillin?
He found where mould grew, bacteria was killed. He concluded mould made penicillin. It became the first antibiotic
Cholera?
Bacteria spread through water. Effects the elderly, babies and pregnant women the most. Causes diarrhoea and in turn causes dehydration
Tuberculosis?
Bacteria spread through coughing and sneezing. Causes bloody cough, fever, fatigue and can be fatal. Can prevent through BCG vaccine
Stomach ulcers?
Bacteria spread through sick. Causes vomiting blood, blood in poo and very painful
Ebola?
Virus spread through body fluids. Cause vomiting, rash, liver and kidneys to stop working. Highly contagious
Chlamydia?
Bacteria spread through unprotected sex. Smelly discharge, pain when urinating , swollen testicles. Can cause you to become infertile
HIV?
Virus spread through sharing needles, unprotected sex, or childbirth .Attacks white blood cells so immune system is weakened. Can cause AIDS which means any disease can become fatal
Malaria?
Parasite spread through female mosquitoes. Causes fever, diarrhoea, sweats and chills, vomiting. It can be lethal
How immune system attacks?
White blood cells produce engulf pathogens and digest them. White blood cells produce antibodies to recognise them. They provide antitoxins to counteract bacterial toxins
How does bacteria become antibiotic resistant?
Antibiotics kill off non-resistant bacteria and bacteria multiply so quickly that mutations which make them resistant are made then they multiply quickly and spread because they survive
3 things new drugs need to be tested for?
Toxicity- side effects
Efficacy- how good is it compared to what’s already on the market
Dose- how much of it is needed
Cardiovascular disease?
Fat clogs up coronary artieries
Blood clots form that block arteries
Risk factors are smoking, salty or fatty diet, high blood pressure
BMIs healthy or not?
Lower 18.4= underweight
18.5-24.9=healthy
25-29.9=overweight
30+ obese
How to test fir fats/lipids?
Emulsion test- add ethanol and water and shake. If present it will turn cloudy
How to test for starch?
Iodine test- add iodine and if it’s present it will turn black or blue
Test for sugar?
Benedict’s test- add benedict’s solution, heat for two minutes. If there’s lots of sugar it will be red, pale green or yellow if there’s only a little
Test for protein?
Buiret’s test- add biurets solution and if it turns purple it is present
