Circulatory System/hormones Flashcards
Pressure in arteries?
High
Pressure in veins?
Low
Pulmonary artery?
Gives blood to lungs
Pulmonary vein ?
Retrieved blood from lungs
Aorta and vena cava?
Blood from and to body
Pulmonary circuit?
Between heart and lungs
Systemic circuit?
Between heart and rest of the organs
How does oxygen get into the blood?
Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood, and is absorbed by haemoglobin in red blood cells
How does the body excrete carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air in alveoli
Features of arteries?
Thick muscular walls(for high pressure)
Small passage ways
Features of veins?
Thin walls (low pressure)
Have larger pathways
Valves to prevent blood from going backwards
Capillary features?
Found in muscles and lungs
Low blood pressure
One cell thick
Gas exchange takes place
General circuit
Vein->atrium->ventricle->artery
Effects of exercise on heart?
Contracts more often
Contracts more powerfully (stroke volume increases)
Cardiac output (litres per min) equation
Cardiac output=stroke volume X heart rate
Anaerobic respiration equation?
Glucose->lactic acid
Aerobic respiration equation?
Glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide (energy)
Heart adaptations?
Valves to stop blood going the wrong way. Differing muscle thickness. Thicker muscles on the side that pumps the blood round the body.
Types of blood vessel?
Vein artery capillary
Type of blood cells?
Erythrocytes, phagocytes, lymphocytes
Phagocytes and lymphocytes?
(Both white blood cells)
Phagocytes-surround and digest foreign cells
Lymphocytes-produce antibodies to fight off foreign cells
Erythrocytes?
(Red blood cells)
Carries oxygen
Testes?
Testosterone
Pituitary gland?
Releases FSH and LH
Thyroid?
Thyroxine
Adrenal glands?
Adrenaline, sparks fight or flight response
Pancreas?
Insulin- balance blood glucose levels
Ovaries?
Oestrogen
Barrier methods of contraception?
Condom stops STI and pregnancy
Diaphragm stops pregnancy but not STI
Hormonal contraception?
Pill and coil stop pregnancy but not STI
Disadvantages IVF?
Side affects of the drugs, can increase cancer risks, expensive, 40% success rate
Homeostasis?
Maintenance of a constant internal environment
Eg, water, temp, blood glucose
What happens when blood glucose is too high?
Eat and blood glucose levels rise
This is picked up by pancreas
Pancreas produces insulin
Insulin causes cell to remove glucose from blood
Liver and muscle cells can convert glucose into glycogen and store it
Causes blood sugar levels to fall
What happens when blood sugar levels are too low?
Picked up by pancreas Pancreas produces glucagon Glucose stored returns to blood Glycogen-> glucose Causes levels to rise
Diabetes type 1?
Cause: pancreas doesn’t work
Treatments: insulin injections
Diabetes type 2?
Cause: cells start to become insensitive to insulin
Treatment: controlling diet, excersize
Symptoms of diabetes?
Loss of weight, increase need to urinate, thirsty, blurry eyesight, fatigue, hunger
Respiration?
Glucose+oxygen->carbon dioxide+water
Respiration is?
Exothermic
Anaerobic respiration?
Glucose-> energy and lactic acid
Without oxygen
Lactic acid is toxic and too much causes oxygen debt which is painful
Doesn’t produce as much energy as aerobic
Anaerobic respiration in yeast?
Yeast+glucose->carbon dioxide+ethanol
Ethanol used for drinks
Menstrual cycle?
Production of FSH(eggs mature) triggers production of oestrogen(builds womb lining)
Production of oestrogen triggers production of LH(ovulation)
When an egg is not fertilised that triggers production of progesterone
