Genes/natural selection and genetic modification

Question 1

What is formed when the two gametes fuse during fertilisation?

Answer 1

Zygote

Question 2

What is the DNA of an organism?

Answer 2

It’s genome

Question 3

Diploid?

Answer 3

2 sets of chromosomes= 46 chromosomes

Question 4

Haploid(sex cells)

Answer 4

One set of chromosomes= 23 chromosomes

Question 5

What does meiosis produce?

Answer 5

Haploid cells-gametes

Question 6

What does mitosis produce?

Answer 6

Diploid cells

Question 7

Meiosis summary?

Answer 7

The cell that makes gametes is a diploid cell. The chromosomes replicate and copies get stuck together. The then divide into two and two again. Each of the 4 final daughter cells have 1 chromosomes from each pair. They are haploid

Question 8

What does nuclei contain?

Answer 8

Long molecules of DNA, each molecule tightly packed with proteins to form chromosomes

Question 9

Shape/structure of DNA?

Answer 9

Double helix

Two strands bonded together my pairs of substances called bases.

Question 10

4 bases in DNA?

Answer 10

Guanine+ Cytosine
Adenine+ thymine
Complimentary base pairs

Question 11

How does each base attach to the strands?

Answer 11

Each base is attached to a sugar, which is attached to a phosphate group (which forms the backbone of the DNA strand)

Question 12

How many hydrogen bonds between C and G?

Answer 12

3

Question 13

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T?

Answer 13

2

Question 14

What are alleles?

Answer 14

Different forms of genes

Question 15

Homozygous?

Answer 15

If both alleles for the gene are the same

Question 16

Heterozygous?

Answer 16

If the alleles for the same gene are different

Question 17

How many recessive genes needed to bring forth that characteristic?

Answer 17

2- both need to be recessive

Question 18

How many dominant alleles needed to carry out that characteristic?

Answer 18

1

Question 19

Genotype?

Answer 19

Alleles for an organism

Question 20

Phenotype?

Answer 20

The appearance of these characteristic

Question 21

Female and male sex chromosome?

Answer 21

Women carry X always, male carry either X or Y

Question 22

Mutation?

Answer 22

A change in a gene that creates a new allele

Question 23

Acquired characteristics?

Answer 23

Genes changed due to the environment during lifetime, eg. Loss of a limb

Question 24

Evolution order?

Answer 24

Ardipicethecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, homo habilis, homo erectus, homosapiens

Question 25

Stages of Darwin’s theory?

Answer 25

Genetic variation Environmental changes causes competition with organisms Variation of some individuals make them more likely to survive in the conditions These are passed down to their offspring Natural selection repeatedly occurs creating new better adapted species

Question 26

5 kingdoms?

Answer 26

Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, protists

Question 27

Characteristics of animals?

Answer 27

Multicellular (cells made into tissues and organs, have nuclei and no cell wall

Question 28

Characteristics of plants?

Answer 28

Multicellular, cell walls, chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Question 29

Fungi characteristics?

Answer 29

Multicellular accept yeast and contain nuclei, live in or on dead matter on which they feed on

Question 30

Protists characteristics?

Answer 30

Mostly unicellular, have nuclei

Question 31

Prokaryotes characteristics?

Answer 31

Unicellular, no nuclei

Question 32

Selective breeding?

Answer 32

Breeding for specific characteristics

Question 33

Genetic engineering?

Answer 33

Changing an organisms genome by inserting genes from another

Question 34

Risks with selective breeding?

Answer 34

If one organism is affected by something, they all are. Useful alleles may completely disappear

Question 35

Risks with genetic modification?

Answer 35

Those plants tend to be more expensive

Question 36

Genetic engineering of bacteria?

Answer 36

Restriction enzymes leave a couple bases unpaired- ‘sticky ends’ Use same enzyme to cut into plasmid again leaving sticky ends Sections of DNA containing the insulin gene mix with the cut plasmid , enzyme ligase is used to help the bases now pair up Plasmids are then inserted back to the bacteria and bacteria is grown

Question 37

Strengths and weaknesses of sexual reproduction?

Answer 37

S- genetically diverse, of one is susceptible, they aren’t all W- mate required

Question 38

Asexual reproduction strengths and weaknesses?

Answer 38

W-genetically identical so of one is susceptible, they all will be and die out S- don’t need a mate

Question 39

Differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 39

Mitosis- produce 2 identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair, produce diploid cells Meiosis- 4 different daughter cells, used for sexual reproduction, produce haploid gametes

Question 40

How to extract DNA practical?

Answer 40

``` Mash up Add salt water Add detergent Leave 15 mins Filter Add iced ethanol DNA flows to the top ```

Question 41

Gene?

Answer 41

Stretch of DNA with codes for characteristics

Question 42

Genome?

Answer 42

All genes in the body

Question 43

Chromosome?

Answer 43

Bundled up DNA

Question 44

Allele?

Answer 44

Different versions of a gene

Question 45

Dominant?

Answer 45

Only one gene needed to express characteristic

Question 46

Recessive?

Answer 46

Two identical genes to express characteristic

Question 47

Homozygous?

Answer 47

Genes are the same

Question 48

Heterozygous?

Answer 48

Genes are different

Question 49

Genotype?

Answer 49

What genes you have

Question 50

Phenotype?

Answer 50

Collection of characteristics you have

Question 51

How many chromosomes in humans?

Answer 51

23 pairs- 46 in total

Question 52

Female gene?

Answer 52

XX

Question 53

Male gene?

Answer 53

XY

Question 54

Human genome project aims and achievements?

Answer 54

Aimed to determine sequence of base pairs in a genome. They achieved faster sequencing for future and allowed faster advances in personalised medicine

Question 55

Evidence for evolution?

Answer 55

Fossils- bones- shows change and relations between animals | Bacteria

Question 56

How bacteria can come antibiotic resistant?

Answer 56

Divide rapidly, allows single mutations to spread quick, antiobiotic resistance can spread very quickly as the resistant live on

Question 57

Recessive blood group?

Answer 57

O

Question 58

Dominant blood groups?

Answer 58

A and B