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Genes/natural selection and genetic modification Flashcards

1
Q

What is formed when the two gametes fuse during fertilisation?

A

Zygote

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2
Q

What is the DNA of an organism?

A

It’s genome

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3
Q

Diploid?

A

2 sets of chromosomes= 46 chromosomes

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4
Q

Haploid(sex cells)

A

One set of chromosomes= 23 chromosomes

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5
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Haploid cells-gametes

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6
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Diploid cells

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7
Q

Meiosis summary?

A

The cell that makes gametes is a diploid cell. The chromosomes replicate and copies get stuck together. The then divide into two and two again. Each of the 4 final daughter cells have 1 chromosomes from each pair. They are haploid

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8
Q

What does nuclei contain?

A

Long molecules of DNA, each molecule tightly packed with proteins to form chromosomes

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9
Q

Shape/structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

Two strands bonded together my pairs of substances called bases.

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10
Q

4 bases in DNA?

A

Guanine+ Cytosine
Adenine+ thymine
Complimentary base pairs

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11
Q

How does each base attach to the strands?

A

Each base is attached to a sugar, which is attached to a phosphate group (which forms the backbone of the DNA strand)

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12
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between C and G?

A

3

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13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T?

A

2

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14
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of genes

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15
Q

Homozygous?

A

If both alleles for the gene are the same

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16
Q

Heterozygous?

A

If the alleles for the same gene are different

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17
Q

How many recessive genes needed to bring forth that characteristic?

A

2- both need to be recessive

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18
Q

How many dominant alleles needed to carry out that characteristic?

A

1

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19
Q

Genotype?

A

Alleles for an organism

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20
Q

Phenotype?

A

The appearance of these characteristic

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21
Q

Female and male sex chromosome?

A

Women carry X always, male carry either X or Y

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22
Q

Mutation?

A

A change in a gene that creates a new allele

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23
Q

Acquired characteristics?

A

Genes changed due to the environment during lifetime, eg. Loss of a limb

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24
Q

Evolution order?

A

Ardipicethecus ramidus, Australopithecus afarensis, homo habilis, homo erectus, homosapiens

25
Q

Stages of Darwin’s theory?

A

Genetic variation
Environmental changes causes competition with organisms
Variation of some individuals make them more likely to survive in the conditions
These are passed down to their offspring
Natural selection repeatedly occurs creating new better adapted species

26
Q

5 kingdoms?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes, protists

27
Q

Characteristics of animals?

A

Multicellular (cells made into tissues and organs, have nuclei and no cell wall

28
Q

Characteristics of plants?

A

Multicellular, cell walls, chloroplasts for photosynthesis

29
Q

Fungi characteristics?

A

Multicellular accept yeast and contain nuclei, live in or on dead matter on which they feed on

30
Q

Protists characteristics?

A

Mostly unicellular, have nuclei

31
Q

Prokaryotes characteristics?

A

Unicellular, no nuclei

32
Q

Selective breeding?

A

Breeding for specific characteristics

33
Q

Genetic engineering?

A

Changing an organisms genome by inserting genes from another

34
Q

Risks with selective breeding?

A

If one organism is affected by something, they all are. Useful alleles may completely disappear

35
Q

Risks with genetic modification?

A

Those plants tend to be more expensive

36
Q

Genetic engineering of bacteria?

A

Restriction enzymes leave a couple bases unpaired- ‘sticky ends’
Use same enzyme to cut into plasmid again leaving sticky ends
Sections of DNA containing the insulin gene mix with the cut plasmid , enzyme ligase is used to help the bases now pair up
Plasmids are then inserted back to the bacteria and bacteria is grown

37
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of sexual reproduction?

A

S- genetically diverse, of one is susceptible, they aren’t all
W- mate required

38
Q

Asexual reproduction strengths and weaknesses?

A

W-genetically identical so of one is susceptible, they all will be and die out
S- don’t need a mate

39
Q

Differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis- produce 2 identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair, produce diploid cells
Meiosis- 4 different daughter cells, used for sexual reproduction, produce haploid gametes

40
Q

How to extract DNA practical?

A 
Mash up
Add salt water
Add detergent
Leave 15 mins 
Filter
Add iced ethanol
DNA flows to the top
41
Q

Gene?

A

Stretch of DNA with codes for characteristics

42
Q

Genome?

A

All genes in the body

43
Q

Chromosome?

A

Bundled up DNA

44
Q

Allele?

A

Different versions of a gene

45
Q

Dominant?

A

Only one gene needed to express characteristic

46
Q

Recessive?

A

Two identical genes to express characteristic

47
Q

Homozygous?

A

Genes are the same

48
Q

Heterozygous?

A

Genes are different

49
Q

Genotype?

A

What genes you have

50
Q

Phenotype?

A

Collection of characteristics you have

51
Q

How many chromosomes in humans?

A

23 pairs- 46 in total

52
Q

Female gene?

53
Q

Male gene?

54
Q

Human genome project aims and achievements?

A

Aimed to determine sequence of base pairs in a genome. They achieved faster sequencing for future and allowed faster advances in personalised medicine

55
Q

Evidence for evolution?

A

Fossils- bones- shows change and relations between animals

Bacteria

56
Q

How bacteria can come antibiotic resistant?

A

Divide rapidly, allows single mutations to spread quick, antiobiotic resistance can spread very quickly as the resistant live on

57
Q

Recessive blood group?

58
Q

Dominant blood groups?

Biology (8 decks)

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