Health And Disease

Question 1

What are non-communicable diseases?

Answer 1

Diseases that cannot be passed from one individual to another

Question 2

What are risk factors?

Answer 2

Aspects of a persons lifestyle or substance present in a persons body or environment that have been shown to be linked to an increase of a disease.

Question 3

What are effects of smoking?

Answer 3

Can cause cardiovascular diseases:

• lung cancer
• coronary heart disease
• lung diseases: COPD and bronchitis

Question 4

What happens to the fetus when a pregnant woman smokes?

Answer 4

The fetus exposed to the smoke has restricted oxygen, which can lead to:

• premature birth
• low birthweight
• stillbirth

Question 5

What is obesity a strong risk factor of?

Answer 5

Type 2 diabetes

Question 6

What effect does alcohol have on the liver ?

Answer 6

• can damage liver
• cause cirrhosis
• cause liver cancer

Question 7

What are some other negative effects of alcohol?

Answer 7

Can cause brain damage and death

Question 8

How is the digestive system adapted to reduce the entry of pathogens in the body?

Answer 8

The stomach produces acid and it destroys the
microorganisms in the mucus you swallow, as well as
the majority of the pathogens you take in through
your mouth in your food and drink.

Question 9

How is the respiratory system adapted to reduce the entry of pathogens in the body?

Answer 9

1) Your nose is full of hairs and produces sticky liquid, called
mucus. The hairs and mucus trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens or irritate your lungs.
2) The trachea and bronchi also secrete mucus that traps pathogens from the air.

Question 10

How is the skin adapted to to reduce the entry of pathogens in the body?

Answer 10

1) Your skin covers your body and acts as a barrier. It prevents bacteria and viruses reaching the tissue beneath

2) Your skin produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy
pathogenic bacteria

Question 11

Explain how “rose black dot” (fungus) can slow down a plants growth

Answer 11

Causes black or purple spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants and can turn yellow and fall off. This means that there is less photosynthesis happening so the plant doesn’t grow very well

Question 12

How can gardeners treat and prevent the fungal disease “rose black dots”?

Answer 12

1) use fungicides

2) stripping the plant of its affected leaves

Question 13

What happens during the pre-clinical trials of developing a drug (phase 1)? And what are they testing for?

Answer 13

The drug is tested on animal cells>tissues>organ>organisms and this is to test the toxicity, efficacy and dosage

Question 14

What happens during the clinical trials of developing a drug (phase 2)? And what are they testing for?

Answer 14

• test it in humans now, testing toxicity (including clearance from the body, how the body gets rid of it),efficacy and dosage again,
• also test the live time of the drug (stability)

Step1- small group of normal people(toxicity), step 2-small group of ill people step (efficacy) 3- a large group of ill people (dosage)

Question 15

What happens during the running trials of developing a drug (phase 3)? And what are they testing for?

Answer 15

• They test how well the drug works by putting them in 2 groups one has the drug the other a placebo ( they don’t know)
• sometimes instead of a placebo they compare it to an already existing drug that works (to see if its better than what we already have)
• can sometimes be double blind

Question 16

Whats the placebo effect?

Answer 16

When the patient expects the treatment to work and so they feel better- even though the treatment isn’t doing anything

Question 17

Whats a double blind trials? And why is it good practice?

Answer 17

When neither the doctor nor the patients know who’s getting the drug and who’s getting the placebo. They help remove any biased results and the trials are fair.