B11-Hormonal coordination

Question 1

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream. The blood carries the hormone to a target organ where it produces an effect.

Question 2

What other system does the Endocrine system work together with?

Answer 2

The endocrine system works alongside the nervous system to coordinate and control your
body, reacting to changes in the internal and external environment (homeostasis).

Question 3

Compare the effects of hormones in the endocrine system in comparison to the nervous system

Answer 3

The effects of hormones in the endocrine system are often slower but longer lasting

Question 4

Name the key endocrine glands (6)

Answer 4

• pituitary
• thyroid
• pancreas
• adrenal gland
• ovaries
• testes

Question 5

What is the role of the Pituitary gland?

Answer 5

The pituitary gland is the master gland and secretes several hormones into the blood stream to response to body conditions. Some of these hormones act on other glands and stimulates them to release hormones to bring about specific effects.

Question 6

What are insulin and glucagon

Answer 6

Hormones

Question 7

What organ releases insulin and glucagon?

Answer 7

Pancreas

Question 8

What effect does insulin have on the blood glucose levels?

Answer 8

Lowers the level by;

• more glucose taken in by cells
• glucose converted to glycogen in the liver
• cells respire more (to use up the glucose)

Question 9

Whats effect does glucagon have on the blood glucose levels?

Answer 9

Increases it by;

• liver breaks down glycogen back to glucose
• amnio acids/ fats broken down

Question 10

What is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 10

When the pancreas doesn’t secrete (produce) enough insulin, so blood glucose levels can rise fatally high

Question 11

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

When the body stops responding to its own insulin

Question 12

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 12

this is inherited through genes and usually starts in young children and teenagers

Question 13

What causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 13

• it is caused by obesity, a lack of exercise and a diet with too much sugar
• usually more common with older people 50-70 (more or less)

Question 14

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Answer 14

By a carbohydrate controlled diet and exercise, and if this doesn’t work then drugs may be used, or insulin injection if non of these work

Question 15

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

Answer 15

By injecting insulin to replace the hormone that is not made in the body

Question 16

Where are FSH hormones secreted from?

Answer 16

Pituitary gland

Question 17

What are the roles of FSH hormones?(2)

Answer 17

• to mature eggs

- and stimulate the ovaries to produce oestrogen

Question 18

Where are LH hormones secreted from?

Answer 18

Pituitary gland

Question 19

What is the role of LH hormones?

Answer 19

Stimulates ovaries to release eggs

Question 20

Where is the oestrogen hormone secreted?

Answer 20

Ovaries

Question 21

What are the roles of oestrogen?(3)

Answer 21

• to stimulate LH production
• to inhibit(hold back) FHS production
• stimulates lining of the uterus to develop

Question 22

What does FSH stand for?

Answer 22

Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 23

What does LH stand for?

Answer 23

Luteinising hormone

Question 24

Describe the negative feedback in the menstrual cycle

Answer 24

Oestrogen switches off any further of FSH, which are hormones that cause the eggs to mature. So as oestrogen level rises, less FSH is produced preventing more eggs maturing

Question 25

Contraceptive pill

Answer 25

Contains low doses of oestrogen and progesterone. This inhibits the production and release of FSH by the pituitary gland, affecting ovaries so no eggs mature preventing pregnancy

• easy to use
• but slight risk of side effects (breast cancer…)and have to take regularly

Question 26

Contraceptive implant

Answer 26

Tiny tubes inserted under your skin by doctors, which slowly release progesterone, which stimulates the production of which mucus which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching the eggs
- last up to 3years and 99.95% effective

Question 27

Contraceptive patch

Answer 27

Contains oestrogen and progesterone. You stick the latch under your skin
-replaced every 7days

Question 28

Whats are barrier method?examples?

Answer 28

Methods of contraception that prevent the sperm reaching the egg
Condoms
Diaphragms/ caps

Question 29

What are spermicides?

Answer 29

Chemicals that kill or disabled sperm, however nit very effective at preventing pregnancy

Question 30

When do people take surgical contraceptive methods?

Answer 30

When you don’t want any more children, they are surgically sterilised.
E.g vasectomy

Question 31

What are women with very low levels of FSH given to help with fertility?

Answer 31

FSH and LH are given in a fertility drug to stimulate ovulation

Question 32

What are the Pros and Cons of treating infertility with FSH and LH fertility drugs?

Answer 32

Pros: helps fertility
Cons: -doesn’t always work, which can make the process very expensive
- too many eggs could be stimulates leading to unexpected multiple pregnancies

Question 33

What does IVF stand for?

Answer 33

In vitro fertilisation

Question 34

What are the pros and cons of IVF treatment?

Answer 34

Pros:can give an infertile couple a child
Cons:- multiple births, if more than one embryo grows into a baby, brings the risk of still births and miscarriages
- low success rate, making the process very stressful
- physically stressful (as some experience abdominal pain, vomiting…)

Question 35

Why do some people belief that IVF is ethically wrong?

Answer 35

As unused embryos are destroyed and some belief that those are alive (potential human live)

Question 36

Explain the process of IVF

Answer 36

• FSH and LH are given to woman to stimulate eggs to matures
• eggs are collected from ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a lab
• fertilised eggs grows into embryos in a lab incubator
• once the embryos are tiny balls of cells they are transferred into the woman’s uterus to improve the chances of pregnancy.