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Biology Paper 1 > Health and Disease > Flashcards

Health and Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of Health?

A

A state of physical and mental well-being.

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2
Q

What is a disease?

A

Condition where part of an organism doesn’t’t function properly.

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3
Q

What are the 2 sorts of disease?

A

Communicable and Non-Communicable diseases.

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4
Q

What are Communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that can be spread between individuals.

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5
Q

What are Non-Communicable diseases?

A

Can’t be transmitted between individuals. Include things like cancer and heart disease.

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6
Q

What are Pathogens?

A

Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protist that cause communicable diseases.

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7
Q

How do pathogens spread?

A

Air (Tiny droplets that we cough or sneeze), Contaminated food or water, Salmonella or Direct contact for example athletes foot.

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8
Q

How do you stop pathogens spreading?

A

Hygiene (Washing hands, Cleaning cookery items), Kill the vectors (organisms that transport the pathogen), Vaccination and Isolate or Quarantine.

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9
Q

What is a Virus?

A

Not living organisms which are 10,000 times smaller than animal cells and they can’t reproduce by themselves.

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10
Q

What do viruses do to our body?

A

Damage our bodies which makes us feel ill.

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11
Q

What is HIV spread by?

A

By sexual contact or Exchanging bodily fluids.

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12
Q

What does HIV cause?

A

An inadequate immune system.

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13
Q

What is Aids?

A

Unusual Infections or cancer. Immune system can’t cope.

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14
Q

What do Antiretroviral drugs do?

A

Prevents virus replicating. If people have these early during their disease they’ll have a normal life.

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15
Q

What are Bacteria?

A

Single-celled organisms that are 100 time smaller than our own cells and can reproduce by themselves. They can produce toxins which can damage our cells and tissues.

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16
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Causes food poisoning. We can catch it from any food that has been contaminated with the bacteria.

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17
Q

What can happen to you when you get salmonella?

A

Stomach cramps, Vomitting and Diarrhoea.

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18
Q

What is Gonorrhea?

A

A STD. Which happens due to unprotected sex.

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19
Q

How do you prevent Gonorrhea?

A

Avoiding unsafe sex.
Barrier methods of contraception.

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20
Q

How do you treat Gonorrhea?

A

Rarer and more expensive antibiotics.

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21
Q

What are STIs?

A

Infections that are spread through sexual contact, including sexual intercourse.

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22
Q

What are Fungi?

A

Eukaryotic organisms which can be unicellular or multicellular.

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23
Q

What are Protists?

A

Eukaryotic organisms which can be unicellular or multicellular. Some can be classed as Parasites.

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24
Q

What are Parasites?

A

Live on or inside organisms and survive at other organisms expense.

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25
Q

How are parasites transported?

A

By vectors.

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26
Q

What are Vectors?

A

A carrier of a disease-causing agent from an infected individual to a non-infected individual or its food or environment.

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27
Q

How to prevent protist diseases?

A

Stop the vectors spreading the protists.

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28
Q

How does skin act as a barrier to pathogens?

A

If it gets damaged, blood clots quickly seal cuts and keep microorganisms out.

29
Q

What does Hair and Mucus in your nose do?

A

Trap particles that could contain pathogens.

30
Q

What do Cells in your trachea and bronchi (airways in the lungs) do?

A

Also produce mucus, which traps pathogens. Other cells that line the trachea and bronchi have cilia.

31
Q

What are Cilia?

A

Hair like structures which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed.

32
Q

How does the Stomach kill pathogens?

A

Produces hydrochloric acid. This kills most pathogens that are swallowed.

33
Q

How does the Eye kill bacteria on the surface of the eye?

A

Eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme (tears) which kills bacteria.

34
Q

What kicks in to destroy pathogens if they make it into your body?

A

Immune system.

35
Q

What is the most important part of your immune system?

A

White blood cells.

36
Q

What do White blood cells do?

A

Travel around in your blood and crawl into every part of you, patrolling for pathogens.

37
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell that are involved in the specific immune response.

38
Q

What does every pathogen have on its surface?

A

Unique molecules (e.g. proteins) on its surface called antigens.

39
Q

What happens when your B-lymphocytes come across an antigen on a pathogen?

A

They start to produce proteins called antibodies.

40
Q

What do Antibodies do?

A

Bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells.

41
Q

Are antibodies specific to the pathogen?

A

Yes they are specific to that pathogen and will not lock on to any other pathogens.

42
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Bind and neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria.

43
Q

What is a Risk factor?

A

Things that increase the chance that person will develop a certain disease.

44
Q

What are Cardiovascular diseases?

A

Any disease associated with the heart or blood vessels.

45
Q

What does Nicotine in cigarette smoke do?

A

Increase heart rate which increases blood pressure.

46
Q

What does High blood pressure do?

A

Damages artery walls which contributes to the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries. These restrict blood flow and increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke.

47
Q

What does smoking increase the risk of?

A

Blood clots forming in arteries which can restrict or block blood flow leading to a heart attack or stroke.

48
Q

What can a diet with too many or too few nutrients lead to?

A

Malnutrition.

49
Q

What is not getting enough excersise and having a diet high in fat and sugar risk factors of?

A

Obesity.

50
Q

What is drinking too much a alcohol a major risk factor for?

A

The development of liver disease. This is because alcohol is broken down by enzymes in the liver and some of the products are toxic.

51
Q

What is Obesity?

A

A non-communicable disease characterised by a large amount of excess body fat.

52
Q

What are the two common methods of measuring obesity?

A

Body Mass Index. (BMI).
Waist-to-hip ratio.

53
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

BMI = mass/(height)^2

54
Q

What is the formula for waist-to-hip ratio?

A

waist circumference/hip circumference.

54
Q

What do you have to measure to use the waist-to-hip ratio formula?

A

Circumference of a persons waist and hips.

55
Q

The higher your waist-to-hip ratio…

A

The more weight you’re likely to be carrying around your middle.

56
Q

Why is BMI not always a reliable measure of obesity (related to muscle)?

A

Muscle tissues have a greater mass than fat tissue, and individuals with lots of muscle often have a high BMI, but are not overweight or obese.

57
Q

What is Cardiovascular disease?

A

Any disease associated with your heart and blood vessels.

58
Q

What are Arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

59
Q

What is Cholesterol?

A

A fatty substance that the body needs to make things like cell membrane.

60
Q

What does too much cholesterol do?

A

Cause fatty deposits to build up in Arteries, restricting blood flow.

61
Q

Where do deposits occur?

A

In areas where the artery wall has been damaged.

62
Q

What do blood clots do?

A

Block blood flow completely.

63
Q

What can you do to reduce risk of developing CVD or if you already have it, reduce the risk of heart attacks or strokes?

A

Eat a healthy, balanced diet and exercising regularly.

64
Q

What do Statins do?

A

Reduce the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream.

65
Q

What do Anticoagulants do?

A

Drugs which make blood clots less likely to form.

66
Q

What do Antihypertensives do?

A

Reduce blood pressure. This helps prevent damage to the blood vessels and so reduces the risk of fatty deposits forming.

67
Q

How does a stent help treat coronary heart disease?

A

It expands within the artery to widen the lumen

Biology Paper 1 (6 decks)

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