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Biology Paper 1 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What do Nucleotides consist of?

A

A sugar molecule, phosphate molecule and one ‘base’

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3
Q

What do the sugar and phosphate molecules form?

A

A backbone

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4
Q

What are the 4 different bases?

A

A denine
T hymine
C ytosine
G uanine

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5
Q

What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

A

2 strands coiled together in shape of a double helix.

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6
Q

What are the complementary base pairs joined together by?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds

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7
Q

What is DNA stored as?

A

Chromosomes

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8
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

Genes

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9
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

Long, coiled up molecules of DNA.
found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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10
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular protein

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11
Q

What can you use genetic diagrams for?

A

Predict how different characteristics will be inherited

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12
Q

What is Sexual Reproduction?

A

Where genetic information from two organisms is combined to produce offspring which are genetically different to either parent.

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13
Q

In sexual reproduction, what do the father and mother produce?

A

Gametes (sex cells)

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14
Q

What are the Gametes in animals called?

A

Sperm and Egg cells

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15
Q

How much Chromosomes do Gametes have? And what are they called?

A

Only contain half the number of chromosomes of normal cells. Called Haploid.

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16
Q

What are Normal cells with full number of chromosomes called?

A

Diploid.

17
Q

What happens at fertilisation?

A

A male gamete fuses with a female gamete to produce a fertilised egg.

18
Q

What is another word for a fertilised egg?

A

Zygote.

19
Q

Is the Zygote a haploid or diploid?

A

Diploid.

20
Q

What happens to the Zygote after fertilisation?

A

It undergoes cell division and develops into an Embryo.

21
Q

What does the Embryo do?

A

Inherits characteristics from both parents, as it has received a mixture of chromosomes from its mother and father.

22
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

A type of cell division. It’s different to mitosis because it doesn’t produce identical cells.

23
Q

What happens before the cell starts to divide? (Meiosis)

A

It duplicates its DNA. One arm of each X-shaped chromosome is an exact copy of the other arm.

24
Q

What happens in the first division of Meiosis?

A

The chromosomes line up in pairs in the centre of the cell. One came from the Mother and One from the Father.
The pairs are then pulled apart, so each new cell only has one copy of each chromosome. Some of the father’s chromosomes and some of the mother’s chromosomes go into each new cell.

25
Q

Why is it important for mixtures of genes to occur?

A

Creates genetic variation in the offspring.

26
Q

What happens in the second division of meiosis?

(Big answer)

A

The chromosome line up again in the centre of the cell. The arms of the chromosomes (chromatids) are pulled apart.
You get 4 Haploid daughter cells - gametes. Each gamete only has a single set of chromosomes. The gametes are genetically different.

27
Q

What is Variation?

A

The differences between individuals of the same species, caused by genetic and environmental factors.

28
Q

What is the cause of Genetic Variation within a species?

A

Organisms having different alleles which can lead to differences in the phenotype.
Can be caused by new alleles arising through mutations.

29
Q

How does Sexual reproduction also cause genetic variation?

A

Since it results in alleles being combined in lots of different ways in offspring.

30
Q

Why does there tend to be a lot of genetic variation within a population of a species?

A

Mostly due to neutral mutations.

31
Q

What is Environmental Variation?

A

Differences between individuals that are not inherited but caused by the environment that the organism lives in.

32
Q

What is Evolution?

A

The natural selection of genetic changes that give rise to the Phenotypes best suited for the environment.

33
Q

What are Mutations?

A

Changes to the base sequence of DNA.

34
Q
A

Biology Paper 1 (6 decks)

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