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Biology Paper 1 > Cells and control > Flashcards

Cells and control Flashcards

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1
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

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2
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

a process in which body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells.

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3
Q

What happens when a cell divides by mitosis?

A

it makes two cells identical to the original cell, the nucleus of each new cell contains the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

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4
Q

What is the stage of the cell cycle called when the cell divides?

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

What do Multicellular organisms use mitosis for?

A

to grow or to replace cells that have been damaged. sometimes used to reproduce, asexual reproduction.

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6
Q

What happens in Interphase?

A

DNA is all spread out in long strings. Before it divides, the cell has to grow and to increase the amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes. It then duplicates its DNA. The DNA is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes. Each ‘arm’ of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other.

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

A

PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE and TELOPHASE.

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8
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

The chromosomes condense. The membrane around the nucleus breaks down and the chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm.

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9
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell.

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10
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres pull the chromosome apart. Then chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell.

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11
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the 2 cells, the nucleus has divided.

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12
Q

What happens at the end of mitosis?

A

Cell has produced two new daughter cells. Each daughter cell contains exactly the same sets of chromosomes in its nucleus as the other daughter cell, they’re genetically identical diploid cells.

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13
Q

What are Stem cells?

A

Stem cells are able to differentiate into specialised cells.
Stem cells can divide by mitosis to become new cells, which then differentiate.

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14
Q

Where are Stem cells found?

A

Found in early human embryos.

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15
Q

What are Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

Cells which can divide into any kind of cell.

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16
Q

What can Adult Stem Cells do?

A

Can divide by mitosis
Can only differentiate into different types of blood cells
Can’t differentiate into absolutely anything like Embryonic Stem cells.

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17
Q

What are Meristems?

A

Areas of the plant that are continually growing.

18
Q

Where are Meristem tissues found?

A

Found in the areas of a plant that are growing, e.g. the tips of the roots and shoots.

19
Q

What do Meristems produce?

A

Unspecialised cells that are able tom divide and form any cell type in the plant - act like embryonic stem cells.
These unspecialised cells go on to form specialised cells like xylem and phloem.

20
Q

What is the Nervous System made up of?

A

Neurones which go up to all parts of the body

21
Q

What are Sensory Receptors?

A

Groups of cells that can detect a change in your environment (a stimulus)

22
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous System.

23
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors?

A

The information is converted to a nervous impulse and sent along sensory neurones to the CNS.

24
Q

What does the CNS do?

A

Coordinates the response. Impulses travel through the CNS along relay neurones.
The CNS sends information to an effector along a motor neurone.

25
Q

What is your Reaction Time?

A

The time it takes for you to respond to a stimulus.

26
Q

What do all neurones have?

A

A cell body with a nucleus.

27
Q

What does the Cell Body have?

A

Extensions that connect to other neurones - dendrites and dendrons carry nerve impulses towards the cell body, and axons carry nerve impulses away from the cell body.

28
Q

What does a Myelin Sheath act as?

A

Acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse.

29
Q

What is the structure and function of the Sensory Neurone?

A

One long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body, which is located in the middle of the neurone.
One short axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the CNS.

30
Q

What is the structure and function of the Motor Neurone?

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body.
One long axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to effector cells.

31
Q

What is the structure and function of the Relay Neurone?

A

Many short dendrites carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to the cell body.
An axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurones.

32
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones.

33
Q

What are Neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals which transfers the nerve signal, which diffuse across the gap.

34
Q

What do Neurotransmitters then set off?

A

A new electrical signal in the next neurone.

35
Q

What are Reflexes?

A

Rapid and Automatic responses to stimuli. Can reduce the chances of being injured.

36
Q

What is a Reflex Arc?

A

The passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector)

37
Q

What do the Neurones in reflex arcs go through?

A

The Spinal Cord or through an Unconscious part of the brain.

38
Q

What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors?

A

Impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS.

39
Q

What happens when the Impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and the relay neurone?

A

They trigger neurotransmitters to be released. These cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone.

40
Q

Where do the impulses travel to after the relay neurone?

A

The motor neurone to the effector.

41
Q

What does the muscle then do?

A

Contract and move hand away.

42
Q

How does A Reflex protect the eye?

A

Very bright light can damage the eye so you have a reflex to protect it.
Light receptors in the eye detect very bright light and send a message along a sensory neurone to the brain.
The message then travels along a relay neurone to a motor neurone, which tells circular muscles in the iris to contract making the pupil smaller.

Biology Paper 1 (6 decks)

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