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Health and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a disease?

A

Conditions that can cause ill health

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2
Q

What does communicable mean?

A

A disease that can spread from person to person (infectious)

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3
Q

What can communicable diseases be caused by?

A

Viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi

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4
Q

What are some examples of communicable diseases?

A
  • Common cold
  • Malaria
  • Meningitis
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5
Q

What does non-communicable mean?

A

No spread between people

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6
Q

What are some examples of non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Asthma
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
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7
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

Do defend and destroy pathogens

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8
Q

How does having a poor immune system affect us?

A

Means our body won’t be able to defend us from communicable diseases as well as normally

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9
Q

What does HPV stand for?

A

Human Papillomavirus

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10
Q

What are micro organisms?

A

A group of tiny organisms including,

bacteria, fungi, protists and viruses

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11
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that can cause disease

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12
Q

What are some ways that pathogens can spread?

A
  • Through air
  • Contaminated food or water
  • Direct contact
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13
Q

How can you stop pathogens from spreading?

A
  • Being hygienic
  • Kill the vectors (organisms that transport pathogen)
  • Vaccination
  • Isolate or quarantine
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14
Q

How do viruses spread?

A
  • They get inside another cell and then use it’s own machinery to make copies of itself
  • Once it’s ready it bursts the cell and goes to colonise more cells
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15
Q

How much smaller is a virus than an animal cell?

A

10,000 times smaller

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16
Q

Can viruses reproduce themselves?

A

No they can’t, instead they take over other cells and make copies of themselves using the cells machinery

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17
Q

What is the main reason why viruses make us feel ill?

A

Because they’re bursting our cells, which damages our bodies

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18
Q

How is measles spread?

A

When a person coughs or sneezes

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19
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A
  • Red rash across body

- Fever

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20
Q

How can HIV be spread?

A
  • Sexual contact

- Exchanging bodily fluids

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21
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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22
Q

What does HIV affect?

A

Our immune system

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23
Q

What are symptoms of HIV?

A
  • Fever
  • Tiredness
  • Aches
    (Then feel better)
  • Immune system becomes very weak
    This means that they are more susceptible to unusual infections and cancer
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24
Q

What are AIDS?

A

When the immune system can’t cope anymore

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25
Q

Are viruses living orgnaisms?

A

No

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26
Q

What is the treatment for HIV / AIDS

A

Antiretroviral drugs

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27
Q

Can bacteria reproduce by themselves?

A

Yes (often inside our bodies)

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28
Q

What is salmonella?

A

Food poisoning most commonly contracted by eating chicken that had the disease before it died

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29
Q

What are some symptoms of salmonella?

A
  • Fever
  • Stomach cramps
  • Diarrhoea
  • Vomiting
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30
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

A

Through sexual contact

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31
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A
  • Paint when urinating

- Thick yellow or green discharge

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32
Q

What is the best prevention for gonorrhoea?

A
  • Avoiding unsafe sex

- Barrier methods of contraception (condoms)

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33
Q

What used to be the treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Penicillin, but lots of gonorrhoea strings have become resistant to penicillin and we have to use much rarer types of antibiotics to treat gonorrhoea

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34
Q

What does multicellular mean?

A

Multiple cells

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35
Q

What does unicellular mean?

A

One cell

36
Q

Are bacteria multicellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

37
Q

Are bacteria larger or smaller than animal and plant cells?

A

They are about 100x smaller than animals and plant cells

38
Q

What proteins do bacteria let out?

A

Toxins

They can damage our cells and are responsible for many of the symptoms of bacterial diseases

39
Q

What organisms are fungi?

A

Eukaryotic Organisms

40
Q

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular?

A

They can be either unicellular or multicellular

41
Q

What are Hyphae?

A

Long thread like structures that come out of the main body and spread through the soil of the fungi

42
Q

What can Hyphae do?

A
  • Penetrate skin
  • Cause disease
  • Produce spores, which spread easily and grow into new fungi
43
Q

What is an example of a fungi disease?

A

Rose black spot

44
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

Causes purple or black spots to form on the leaves of plants (especially roses)
As the fungus does more a more damage, the leaves can start to turn yellow and ‘drop off’
This reduces the plants ability to photosynthesise and so they don’t grow so well

45
Q

How does the rose black spot fungus spread?

A
  • By the water

- By the wind

46
Q

How can you treat rose black fungus?

A
  • Chop of leaves

- Spray with fungicide

47
Q

What organism are protists?

A

Eukaryotes

48
Q

Are protists unicellular or multicelluar?

A

They can be either, however most of them are single celled

49
Q

What are parasites?

A

They live on or inside other organisms

50
Q

How are protists usually transported?

A

By vectors (other organisms like insects who transport the organisms)

51
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

Parasitic protists

52
Q

How does a mosquito transport malaria?

A

When mosquito’s get blood from an already infected animals, it can contract the malaria from it. The mosquito then has some of that malaria, but is not affected by it. Then when the mosquito goes to a human for blood, it transfers the malaria over.

53
Q

What are symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Headaches
  • Fever
  • Recurrent
54
Q

What are recurrent episodes?

A

When symptoms go away, but keep coming back

55
Q

What’s the best way to stop diseases like malaria?

A

Stop the vectors from spreading the protists

56
Q

What are some ways of stopping the vectors from spreading the protists?

A
  • Destroying their breeding sites

- Killing them with insecticides

57
Q

What does the human defence system do?

A

Protects us against pathogens

58
Q

What are some physical and chemical barriers of the human defence system?

A
  • Skin
  • Little hairs and mucus in nose
  • Layer of mucus in the trachea
  • Mucus in trachea also lined with cilia
  • Hydrochloric acid in stomach
  • Enzymes in tears
59
Q

What is the pH of our stomach?

A

Around 2

60
Q

What are the three functions of a white blood cell?

A
  • Phagocytosis (white blood cells consume pathogens)
  • Anti-toxins
  • Anti-bodies
61
Q

How does phagocytosis work?

A
  • They track the pathogens down
  • Bind to them
  • Then they engulf them
62
Q

What are anti-toxins?

A

Small molecules that can bind and counteract toxins, so they can’t do damage

63
Q

What are antigens?

A

Substances that our immune system detects as being foreign

64
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Small proteins made by arrow and white blood cells, that can lock onto foreign antigens and act as signals to tell a white blood cell to come and destroy them
Each antibody is specific

65
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

They expose us to the antigens of a pathogen so that we can develop immunity to it

66
Q

What are some pros of vaccines?

A
  • Protects us from diseases
  • Control of common diseases (polio, small pox, measles and whooping cough)
  • Prevents outbreaks (epidemics)
67
Q

What are some cons of vaccines?

A
  • Vaccines don’t always work

- Bad reactions to vaccines

68
Q

Can vaccines be made against both bacterial and viral diseases?

A

Yes

69
Q

What does efficacy mean?

A

How well the drug works

70
Q

What does toxicity?

A

How harmful the drug is

71
Q

What does dosage mean?

A

How much of the drug you’d be given

72
Q

What are the stages of drug development?

A
  • Stage 1 - Test the drug on human cells and tissues.
  • Stage 2 - Test the drug on live animals.
  • Stage 3a - Test the drug on healthy volunteers to find the maximum dosage before side effects occur.
  • Stage 3b - Test the drug on patients that suffer from the relevant disease, to find the optimum dosage.
73
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Anything that increases the chance that a person will develop a certain disease

74
Q

What are examples of cardiovascular diseases?

A
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Heart attacks
  • Faulty valves
75
Q

What are some treatments for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • Stents
  • Statins
  • Replacement valves
  • Replacement hearts
76
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries start to get blocked by the layers of fatty material
This causes the lumen to become narrower, which means less blood can go through
This means less oxygen can reach the heart muscle
This puts strain on the heart and potentially causes a heart attack

77
Q

What are stents?

A

An expandable tube that can be placed inside the arteries to hold them open

78
Q

What are the benefits and cons of stents?

A

Benefits:

  • The surgery is fairly quick
  • Effective for a long time

Cons:

  • Surgery has risks
  • Surgery can lead to a heart attack or an infection
  • Could develop a blood clot near the stent
79
Q

What are satins?

A

A medication that alters the balance of cholesterol in your blood stream

  • They decrease the amount of bad types of cholesterol and increase the good type of cholesterol
80
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A type of lipid that we all need to be healthy

81
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

The bad LDL type

The good HDL type

82
Q

What are the downside of statins?

A
  • Have to be taken regularly for years

- Can have side affects

83
Q

What is heart failure?

A

Blood isn’t able to pump around the body anymore

84
Q

What is the treatment for heart failure?

A
  • A new heart
85
Q

Which chemical process supplies the majority of the energy required for the contraction of muscle tissue?

A

Aerobic respiration

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