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Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fusion of male and female gametes

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2
Q

What are examples of gametes?

A

Egg cell, sperm cell, pollen and eggs

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete have?

A

23

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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

The fusion of male and female gametes

It does not have to include sex

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5
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A
  • Only one parent
  • No mixing of genetic material (no genetic variation)
  • All off spring are identical clones
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6
Q

How is asexual reproduction achieved in eukaryotic organisms?

A

Through mitosis

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7
Q

How is asexual reproduction achieved is prokaryotic organisms?

A

Through binary fission

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8
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

They have half the genetic material of a normal cell

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9
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Has two sets of genetic information (one from each parent)

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10
Q

What are maternal chromosomes?

A

The chromosomes from the mother

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11
Q

What are paternal chromosomes?

A

The chromosomes from the father

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12
Q

How many chromosomes are in one cell?

A

46

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13
Q

What are the steps of meisis?

A

1) Replicate DNA
2) Chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
3) Chromosome pairs are pulled apart (chromosomes randomly distributed)
4) Cell divides in half
5) Chromosomes all line up at the centre of the cell
6) Arms of the chromosomes are pulled to each side of the cells
7) The chromosomes then both divide in half again (there are now 4 genetically unique cells)

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14
Q

During meiosis, how many times does the cell divide?

A

2 times

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15
Q

During meiosis, how many cells are produced?

A

4 cells

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16
Q

How would you describe DNA?

A

2 strands wrapped around in a double helix

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17
Q

How long is DNA if you rolled it all out?

A

2m

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18
Q

How many sections is DNA sectioned into?

A

46 sections (tight coil called chromosomes)

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19
Q

What types of chromosomes do women have?

A

2 X chromosomes (XX)

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20
Q

What types of chromosomes do men have?

A

XY Chromosomes

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21
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA that codes for a protein (small segment of a chromosome and code for amino acids)

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22
Q

What is a genome?

A

Entire set of genetic material in an organism

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23
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

24
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

2 alleles that are the same

25
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

2 alleles that are different

26
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

The dominant allele always gets expressed (e.g. dominant brown hair, will always be brown)

27
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that needs two recessive alleles to be expressed (both parents need to have blonde hair for the offspring to have blonde hair)

28
Q

What does genotype mean?

A
  • The entire section of alleles that we have
    or
  • The two alleles present for a particular gene
29
Q

What does phenotype?

A

The characteristics we get from our genotype

30
Q

Where are chromosomes found in the cell?

A

The nucleus

31
Q

What are each monomer of DNA called?

A

A nucleotide

32
Q

What are nucleotides made up of?

A
  • Phosphate
  • Sugar
  • Base
33
Q

What are the 4 different types of bases in a nucleotide?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
34
Q

What is a sugar phosphate backbone?

A

The long chain of where the phosphate bonds to the sugar on each nucleotide

35
Q

What are the complementary bases that always have to pair up with each other?

A

Adenine and Thymine

Cytosine and Guanine

36
Q

What is a genetic code?

A

The sequence of bases

37
Q

What are each group of three bases called?

A

A triplet (codes for specific amino acids)

38
Q

What are the steps for forming a protein?

A
  • Cells will read the DNA base sequence in a series of triplet codes
  • Take the amino acids and each triplet codes form and combine them all to be in that same order
  • Then the long chain of amino acids will fold up and form a protein
39
Q

What are the main uses of protein?

A
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Structural proteins
40
Q

Is cystic fibrosis, a dominant or recessive gene?

A

Recessive

41
Q

What is an inherited disorder?

A

Group of conditions that can be passed on in alleles

42
Q

What is polydactyly?

A
  • A baby is born with extra fingers or toes
  • It doesn’t usually cause any other problems
  • Caused by a dominated allele
43
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of the membranes

Results in thick sticky mucus

44
Q

What is embryonic screening?

A

Looking at the embryo’s genes, to see if it’s carrying any diseases

45
Q

What the advantages for embryonic screening?

A
  • Help reduce overall amount of suffering

- Save money

46
Q

What are the disadvantages for embryonic screening?

A
  • Implies that people with genetic problems are undesirable

- Future screening for other traits

47
Q

What does variation mean?

A

Individuals that are all different and have different phenotypes

48
Q

What are more of our characteristics determined by?

A

The interactions of our genes and our environment

49
Q

Why are there so many genetic variations?

A

Because of mutations

50
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the DNA code - protein coded for may be different
Most mutations don’t have any effect on proteins

51
Q

What happens in the mutation does have an effect on the protein?

A
  • Mutations are usually something bad

- Occasionally beneficial

52
Q

What does the term ‘survival of the fittest’ mean?

A

Beneficial mutations mean that they’re more likely to survive and pass down their mutation

53
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Fittest individuals selected to survive

54
Q

What is evolution?

A

Inheritance of certain characteristics in a population, over multiple generations, can lead to changes in the whole species - or development of an entirely new species

55
Q

What does continuous variation mean?

A

Where the characteristics changes gradually over a range of values such as, height, body mass, or skin colour. This is usually influenced by genes

56
Q

What does discontinuous variation mean?

A

Where the characteristic has distinct forms, with no overlap. For example, eye colour is discontinuous. Usually influenced by one or two genes

57
Q

What is speciation?

A

The evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.

Science biology (12 decks)

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