Health

Question 1

7 CAUSES OF AIDS

Answer 1

1. Drug users sharing needles - needle may have contaminated blood.
2. Piercings/tattoos - sharing needles with someone carrying the disease.
3. Unprotected sex - exchange of body fluids.
4. Having multiple partners - not aware that they are carrying the disease and spreading it further.
5. Babies can get the virus from their mum if she is positive through breast feeding, or even before or during birth.
6. Infected blood transfusions especially in poorer countries where the blood screening process isn’t as effective.
7. Lack of health education - not aware how AIDS is spread or contracted.

Question 2

7 EFFECTS OF AIDS

Answer 2

1. The death rate is increased and the life expectancy age decreases meaning a country struggles to develop.
2. As many adults become ill and can’t work, the economically active population decreases resulting in a labour shortage.
3. As many farmers become ill, there is no one to work the land meaning food isn’t produced and it can lead to starvation and malnutrition.
4. Prevention, detection and treatment is very expensive, especially for African countries, so if more money goes towards AIDS, there is little money going towards other diseases.
5. As more adults fall ill, responsibility to produce wealth and food goes onto children meaning that they miss out on education and the next generation of adults, especially in Africa, will be less healthy, wealthy and less educated than the previous.
6. There will be a loss of tourist revenue as people won’t visit a country were the disease is prone.
7. Mums can pass the disease on during birth meaning the baby will be born AIDS positive.

Question 3

7 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF AIDS

Answer 3

1. Large scale projects such as Global AIDS initiative are set up to try and educate people on how to prevent the spread in developing and developed.
2. Drugs are given to those who have the disease to slow down the effects and let the immune system repair itself, and prevent further damage. These drugs are widely available in developed countries but more expensive for developing countries.
3. Attempts are being made to produce an AIDS vaccine.
4. Testing is widely available as many people aren’t aware that they are carrying the virus.
5. Radios and TVs are used to get the message out about AIDS in the developing world as many are illiterate.
6. Mums are offered testing as part of the routine antenatal screening as babies can get the virus from the mum during birth.
7. Drug users are advised to dispose of needles after one use, in hospitals it is mandatory. Local authorities such as glasgow city council and pharmacies have set up a needle exchange programme where used needles can be swapped for clean ones.

Question 4

TRANSMISSION OF MALARIA THROUGH MOSQUITO

Answer 4

The female mosquito requires human blood to feed her larvae. The mosquito will bite an infected person for its blood meal and the parasite will enter its body. The mosquito will then go on to bite a healthy person and pass the parasite into their blood stream. The parasite makes its way to the liver and grows and multiples. After 2 weeks, thousands of mature parasites break out of the liver and begin to invade the red blood cells. They will then burst out of the blood cells and invade other blood cells. This cycle repeats and the person becomes very ill with fevers, vomiting, muscle pain and shivers. Then an uninflected mosquito may bite this person it will take the parasite back on and spread it further.

Question 5

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE SPREAD OF MALARIA

Answer 5

1. Temperatures between 15 degrees and 45 degrees and lots of rainfall are required for the mosquito to survive.
2. Humidity above 60% ie. where it is very hot or very wet such as monsoons or rainforests are required for mosquitos to survive.
3. Shade to rest and digest blood meals such as branches of trees or eves of houses.
4. Stagnant water to lay eggs such as ponds, paddy fields or even a cup of water.

Question 6

HUMAN FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE SPREAD OF MALARIA

Answer 6

1. Human population is required for a lot blood meals so that the mosquito can reproduce. (the female mosquito can bite up to 100 times in one night).
2. Poor sanitation eg open sewers in shanty towns where it is wet.
3. lack of health education eg. not knowing to cover up at dusk as this is when mosquitos are most likely to bite, leaving out cups of water, not using mosquito nets.
4. Not completing medication course meaning malaria can spread into further teretories.

Question 7

7 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF MALARIA

Answer 7

1. Draining or filling in areas of stagnant water to prevent mosquitos laying their eggs.
2. Introduce fish into paddy fields such as the muddy loach to eat the mosquito larvae.
3. Clearing trees which may provide shelter for the mosquito to digest its blood meal.
4. Spray egg whites in stagnant water to suffocate larve.
5. Treating sufferers with drugs such as larium to try and kill the parasite in their blood stream.
6. Run health education campaigns to increase health education on how its spread and the ways to cover up such as covering bare flesh at dusk.
7. Providing insect repellents and mosquito nets.

Question 8

7 CAUSES OF HEART DISEASE

Answer 8

1. Fatty diet - increase cholesterol levels which is a fat found in the blood, this can narrow arteries and lead to the risk of a heart attack.
2. Excess alcohol can lead to blocked arteries (angina) which can lead to heart failure if not treated.
3. Being overweight can put extra strain on the heart which can lead to a heart attack. Being overweight is also the result of a fatty diet.
4. Being lazy can increase blood pressure and cholesterol levels which can cause someone to become overweight. This then puts strain on the heart and can lead to a heart attack.
5. Smoking can increase blood pressure and heart rate which means more oxygen is needed for the heart to work. It can also lead to blood clots which can lead to a heart attack.
6. Stress can increase blood pressure which puts extra strain on the heart leading to a heart attack.
7. People can inherit high cholesterol levels or high blood pressure from parents .

Question 9

7 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF HEART DISEASE

Answer 9

1. Eating a healthy diet is advised and maintaining a healthy weight to reduce strain on the heart and reduce the chance of a heart attack. In the past 20 years, butter sales have dropped by 76% and fresh fruit sales have gone up by 43%.
2. Facilities such as gyms and swimming pools are widely available to encourage exercise and maintain a healthy weight reducing strain on the heart.
3. A ‘no smoking’ policy was introduced in 2006 in Scotland which has reduced the risk of passive smoking and therefore reduces the risk of a heart attack.
4. People are now aware on how to reduce stress levels such as relaxing or taking meditation. This reduces the chance of someone getting a heart attack.
5. People are now educated on the causes of heart disease. Over 40s are offered appointments to get their blood pressure checked and reduce their risk of a heart attack as it can be treated before it gets too late.
6. Medication such as Warfarin is given to thin blood and reduce blood clotting to prevent a heart attack.
7. Beta blockers are given to slow down heart rate takinh strain off of the heart and reduce the risk of a heart attack.

Question 10

7 EFFECTS OF MALARIA

Answer 10

1. People become very unwell with fever, shakes, muscle ache, vomitting and can lead to death.
2. Children under 5 are worse affected as they have not yet built up a strong immune system.
3. Large numbers of people die at a young age meaning loss of workforce.
4. People are unable to work the land and produce food which can lead to malnutrition and starvation.
5. Increasing death rates leads to emotional problems for family and friends.
6. As more people become ill, more money needs to go towards healthcare and treatment so less money is invested into improving educating and housing.
7. There is a loss of tourist revenue as people won’t visit a place where the disease is prone.