Head, Neck, Trunk slides 233 to 297 (end)

Question 1

Is a dome-shaped musculotendinous partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Question 2

Its mainly convex superior surface faces the thoracic cavity; its concave inferior surface faces the abdominal cavity

It is the chief muscle of inspiration, and _____ during inspiration

Answer 2

Descends

Question 3

Diaphragm:

The sternal part consists of two muscle slips that attach to the ___ ___

Answer 3

Xiphoid Process

Question 4

Diaphragm:
The costal part (costal attachment) consists of wide muscular slips that attach to internal surfaces of the inferior __(#) costal cartilages

Answer 4

Six

Question 5

Diaphragm:

The ____ are musculotendinous bundles arising from the superior three lumbar vertebrae

Answer 5

Crura

Question 6

Diaphragm:

The central tendon is the convergence of tendon fibers into an _____

Answer 6

Aponeurosis

Question 7

The terminal part of the inferior ____ ____ perforates the central tendon at the caval foramen (caval opening) to enter the heart

Answer 7

Vena Cava

Question 8

The esophageal ___ and aortic ___ are passages for the esophagus and aorta, respectively

Answer 8

Hiatus

Question 9

Paralysis of half of the diaphragm (one dome or hemidiaphragm) due to injury to its motor supply (___ Nerve) does not affect the other half, since each dome has a separate nerve supply

Answer 9

Phrenic Nerve

Question 10

The paralyzed dome ____ during inspiration, instead of ____ as it normally would

Answer 10

Ascends

Descending

Question 11

Term for when the paralyzed dome is pushed superiorly by the abdominal viscera which are compressed by the active contralateral dome

slide 242

Answer 11

Paradoxical Movement

Question 12

The ____ is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity (between the two pulmonary cavities)
It extends. . .
Vertically from the superior thoracic aperture to the diaphragm
From the sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

Answer 12

Mediastinum

Question 13

The superior mediastinum is basically the region behind the ____ of the sternum

Inferior mediastinum is inferior to this, and is further subdivided into anterior, middle, and posterior parts

Answer 13

Manubrium

Question 14

Sup. Mediastinum planes:
These make up the \_\_\_\_ plane:
-Thyroid
-Remnant of the thymus
-Some lymph glands

Answer 14

Glandular Plane

Question 15

Sup. Mediastinum planes:
These make up the \_\_\_\_ plane:
-Left brachiocephalic vein 
-Right brachiocephalic vein 
-Superior vena cava 
-Arch of azygos vein

Answer 15

Venous Plane

Question 16

Sup. Mediastinum planes:
These make up the \_\_\_\_ plane:
Aortic arch and its branches:
-Brachiocephalic artery 
-Left common carotid artery 
-Left subclavian artery

Answer 16

Arterial-nervous Plane

Question 17

Sup. Mediastinum planes:
These make up the ____ plane:
-Vagus (left and right)
-Phrenic (left and right)

Answer 17

Nerves

Question 18

Sup. Mediastinum planes:
These make up the \_\_\_\_ plane:
-Trachea 
-Esophagus 
-Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 18

Visceral-Nervous Plane

Question 19

Branch of vagus

Innervates larynx, muscles of pharynx, and is sensory for bronchial tree below the vocal cords

Recurrent because it branches from vagus, then progresses inferiorly, but then loops back superiorly

Answer 19

Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

Question 20

Sup. Mediastinum planes:
These make up the ____ plane:
-Thoracic duct

Answer 20

Lymphatic Plane

Question 21

Main duct for return of lymph to blood

Terminates at junction of left subclavian and jugular veins

Answer 21

Thoracic Duct

Question 22

This is the “blue side” of the mediastinum.

It is dominated by the arch of the azygos vein, the superior vena cava, and the right atrium

Answer 22

Inferior Mediastium (Right Side)

Question 23

This is the “red side” of the mediastinum

It is dominated by the arch of the aorta, the left common carotid artery, and the subclavian arteries

Answer 23

Inferior Mediastinum (Left Side)

Question 24

The anterior mediastinum contains connective tissue and fat, a few blood vessels, a few lymph nodes, and sometimes the lower end of the ____ (or what used to be the ____ in adults)

Answer 24

Thymus

Question 25

The heart and its pericardium make up the contents of the ____ mediastinum

Answer 25

Middle

Question 26

``` These are in the ____ mediastinum: Thoracic aorta Thoracic duct Lymph nodes Azygos and hemiazygos veins Esophagus Esophageal plexus Thoracic sympathetic trunks Thoracic splanchnic nerves ```

Answer 26

Posterior

Question 27

Most of the intestine is covered by the ___ ___, which is an apronlike peritoneal fold hanging from the stomach

Answer 27

Greater Omentum

Question 28

There are five bilaterally paired muscles in the anterolateral abdominal wall: 3 flat 2 vertical The flat muscles have an anterior and medial aponeuroses which collectively form a rectus sheath, which contains the vertical muscles slide 261

Answer 28

Three flat muscles: - external oblique - internal oblique - transverse abdominal Two vertical muscles - rectus abdominis - pyramidalis

Question 29

All three abdominal muscle layers compress and support the abdominal viscera. One of the consequences of this action is that they act as _____ of the diaphragm to produce expiration. Additionally the obliques – external and internal obliques – flex and rotate the trunk slide 262

Answer 29

Antagonists

Question 30

There are two vertical muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall: the rectus abdominis and the ____.

Answer 30

Pyramidalis

Question 31

The rectus abdominis is the principal vertical muscle of the anterior abdominal wall consisting of a pair of muscles separated by the ___ ___.

Answer 31

Linea Alba

Question 32

It is a long, broad straplike muscle that originates at the pubis and inserts on the xiphoid process and 5th to 7th costal cartilages, It flexes the trunk, compresses the viscera, and acts as an antagonist of the diaphragm to produce expiration

Answer 32

Rectus Abdominis

Question 33

The ____ is a small triangular muscle that is absent in about 20% of people. It is anterior to the inferior part of the rectus abdominis, and attaches to the anterior surface of the pubis and ends in the linea alba. It tenses the linea alba.

Answer 33

Pyramidalis

Question 34

The ___ ___ consists of fused or interlaced aponeuroses of the three flat muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall, which form a fibrous compartment around the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles. slide 266

Answer 34

Rectus Sheath

Question 35

The ___ ___ is a fibrous band running vertically the length of the anterior abdominal wall. It receives the attachments of the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. It also contains small blood vessels and nerves that go to the skin

Answer 35

Linea Alba

Question 36

Most fibers of the ___ ___ muscle run inferomedially—in the same direction as the fingers do when the hands are in one’s side pockets

Answer 36

External Oblique

Question 37

The ___ ___ iliac spine (of the ilium) is an easily palpable landmark

Answer 37

Anterior Superior

Question 38

The inferior margin of the aponeurosis of the external oblique folds under and back on itself to form the ___ ___. It is a fibrous band extending between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle (of pubic bone).

Answer 38

Inguinal Ligament

Question 39

The superior epigastric artery is a continuation of the ___ ___ ___. It enters the rectus sheath, and provides arterial blood to the rectus abdominis and superior part of the anterolateral abdominal wall.

Answer 39

Internal Thoracic Artery

Question 40

The inferior epigastric artery arises from the ___ ___ and runs superiorly to enter the rectus sheath. It supplies the lower part of the rectus abdominis.

Answer 40

External Iliac

Question 41

_____ between the superior and inferior epigastric arteries is approximately in the umbilical region

Answer 41

Anastomisis

Question 42

Anterior cutaneous arterial branches derive from the superior and inferior epigastric arteries. The inferior epigastric artery is a branch of the external iliac artery

Answer 42

Slide 271

Question 43

Most superficial lymphatic vessels superior to the umbilicus drain to the axillary lymph nodes, although a few drain to the ____ lymph nodes.

Answer 43

Parasternal

Question 44

Superficial lymphatic vessels inferior to the umbilicus drain to the superficial ___ lymph nodes.

Answer 44

Inguinal

Question 45

The abdominal aorta is a continuation of the thoracic aorta It begins at the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm It ends about the level of the ____ lumbar vertebra, where it divides into right and left common iliac arteries

Answer 45

Fourth

Question 46

Abdominal aorta gives off which two branches:

Answer 46

Visceral Branches | Parietal Branches

Question 47

Abdominal Aorta Distribution:

Answer 47

See slide 278!

Question 48

The celiac trunk divides into three branches: left gastric, ___, and common hepatic arteries.

Answer 48

Splenic

Question 49

The left gastric branch supplies the stomach and ____

Answer 49

Esophagus

Question 50

Splenic has branches that supply the spleen, pancreas, greater omentum, and ____

Answer 50

Stomach

Question 51

Common hepatic has branches that supply the____, gallbladder, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and greater omentum

Answer 51

Liver

Question 52

The superior mesenteric artery has branches that supply the pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ____ and ___ colon

Answer 52

Ascending and Transverse

Question 53

The inferior mesenteric artery has branches that supply the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and ___.

Answer 53

Rectum

Question 54

Blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder enters into a common vein, the ___ ___ vein, which delivers the blood to the liver

Answer 54

Hepatic Portal

Question 55

What are the two portal systems in the body:

Answer 55

Hepatic portal system Hypophyseal portal system.

Question 56

A ___ system is formed when one venous capillary system coalesces and then branches out to form another capillary system without the heart being between them.

Answer 56

Portal

Question 57

Capillaries of the intestines coalesce to form the inferior and superior mesenteric veins, then come together (with the ___ ___) to form the hepatic portal vein. It then goes to the liver and forms sinusoidal capillaries (no heart between capillary systems).

Answer 57

Splenic Vein

Question 58

Capillaries of the intestines coalesce to form the inferior and superior mesenteric veins, then come together (with the splenic vein) to form the hepatic portal vein. It then goes to the liver and forms ___ capillaries (no heart between capillary systems).

Answer 58

Sinusoidal

Question 59

After passing through the liver for processing, blood drains into the hepatic veins which empty into the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 59

Inferior Vena Cava

Question 60

The portal venous system is not limited to spanning the interval between the intestines and the liver. It connects with the systemic venous system (conventional system of veins) at a number of locations: between esophageal veins that drain into the ___ vein, rectal veins, and paraumbilical veins of the anterior abdominal wall.

Answer 60

Azygos vein

Question 61

Esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the (upper/middle/lower)? third of the esophagus, most commonly consequence of portal hypertension. These veins have a strong tendency for bleeding.

Answer 61

Lower 1/3rd

Question 62

Most of the blood from the esophagus is drained by esophageal veins which enter the azygos vein, then to the superior vena cava. These veins have no part in esophageal varices.

Answer 62

slide 292

Question 63

Varices in the rectal area are termed ____

Answer 63

Hemorrhoids

Question 64

Scarring and fibrosis from cirrhosis obstruct the portal vein in the liver, causing pressure in the portal vein to rise. In severe cases of portal obstruction, the paraumbilical veins become varicose and look somewhat like small snakes radiating under the skin around the umbilicus. This is referred to as ___ ___ due to its resemblance to the serpents on the head of Medusa in Greek mythology.

Answer 64

Caput Medusae

Question 65

Caput medusae is caused by the umbilical vein becoming recanalised due to portal ____.

Answer 65

Hypertension

Question 66

Esophageal varices result when submucosal veins in the esophagus become ____. Because such varices are easily eroded leading to massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage, they are a serious problem produced by portal hypertension

Answer 66

Dilated