AP 1 Regional Intro Flashcards
How many adult human skeleton bones?
206 bones (most paired L/R)
Two divisions of adult skeleton bones?
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Basic types of bones (based on shape)
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
Bones in joint between skull bones
Sutural Bones
Greater length than width
Consist of shaft and extremities (ends)
Slightly curved for strength
Long Bones
Examples: femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius
Long Bones
Nearly equal in length and width
Examples: carpal bones of wrist (except pisiform, which is a sesamoid bone)
Short Bones
Generally thin
Provide for protection
Extensive areas for muscle attachment
Examples: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae
Flat Bones
Functions:
protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
may change the direction of pull of a tendon, thereby improving the mechanical advantage at a joint
Sesamoid Bones
Develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress
Vary from person to person
Not always completely ossified
Examples: patellae
Sesamoid Bones
Apparently formed due to additional ossification centers in or near sutures
Most commonly found in the lambdoid suture, but also seen in other sutures
Small bones that are located in sutures between cranial bones
Sutural Bones
Complex shapes that prevent grouping them into one of the previous categories
Examples: vertebrae, hip bones, calcaneus
Irregular Bones
Projections or outgrowths
either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue
Processes
Participate in joints, or
allow the passage of soft tissue
Depression and Openings
Foramen
Opending
Fossa
Shallow depression
Sulcus
Groove
Tubelike passageway or canal
Meatus
Large, round prominence at the end of a bone, typically part of a joint
Condyle
Bony prominence on each side of the ankle
Malleolus
Smooth flat arcticular surface
Facet
Prominent ridge or elongated projection
Crest
Very large projection
Trochanter
Large, round typically roughened projection
Tuberosity
Small, round projection
Tubercle
Tubercle versus tuberosity:
A ____ is a bony projection that is larger and generally rougher than a tubercle.
____ are typically found near the head of a bone, whereas tuberosities are on the shaft, or perhaps the base, of a bone
Tuberosity
Tubercles
Origin is the bones that does not move when muscles shorten
OK
Insertion is the movable bone
Yep
Arrangement of Fascicles;
fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate at either end in flat tendons
Parallel
Arrangement of Fascicles;
fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate in flat tendons; muscle tapers toward tendons, where diameter is less than at belly.
Fusiform
Arrangement of Fascicles;
(sphincter): Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice
Circular
Arrangement of Fascicles;
(convergent): Fascicles spread over a broad area, and converge at a thick central tendon, giving muscle a triangular appearance.
Triangular
Arrangement of Fascicles;
Fascicles are short in relation to total muscle length, and are arranged on only one side of the tendon.
Unipennate
Arrangement of Fascicles;
Fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons which extend nearly the entire length of the muscle.
Bipennate
Arrangment of Fascicles;
Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons, which in turn extend nearly the entire length of the muscle
Multipennate
(Agonist)
Contracts to cause the desired action
Prime Mover
Stretches and yields to Prime Mover
Antagonist
Contract to stabilize nearby joints
Synergist
stabilize the origin of the prime mover
Fixators
Is the observation that a nerve that innervates a joint, also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint, and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles
This fact arises as a result of embryological development
Hilton’s Law
(AKA neuralgia, neuritis, pinched or trapped nerve): is caused by physical compression or irritation of major nerve trunks and peripheral nerves, producing distant nerve pain symptoms
Entrapment Neuropathy
Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:
Neck
Neck: Thoracic outlet syndrome
Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:
Shoulder
Shoulder: Supraclavicular neuritis
Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:
Elbow
Elbow: Ulnar neuritis, Median neuritis, Radial neuritis
Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:
Wrist
Wrist: Carpal tunnel syndrome, Ulnar neuritis
Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites:
Hip:
Hip: piriformis syndrome
Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites:
Leg:
Leg: compartment syndrome
Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites:
Foot:
Foot:
- Tarsal tunnel syndrome
- Medial plantar neuritis
- Digital neuritis
- Deep fibular neuritis (deep peroneal neuritis)
Entrapment Neuropathy:
________ include tingling and pain, often followed or accompanied by reduced sensation or complete numbness
Symptoms
Entrapment Neuropathy:
________ commonly observed are muscle weakness, which is usually noted later than the above symptoms, and may be associated with muscle atrophy
Signs
Two main circulatory routes:
Systemic
Pulmonary
All systemic arteries branch from the aorta, which has four branches:
- Ascending aorta
- Arch of the aorta
- Thoracic aorta
- Abdominal aorta
Venae Comitantes arrangement has two beneficial results:
regional intro slides 37/38
- Countercurrent heat exchanger in which warm arterial blood warms cooler venous blood returning to the heart
- Arteriovenous pump wherein veins stretch and flatten as the artery expands during contraction of the heart
Tubercle versus tuberosity:
which is on larger?
Where are they found?
Tubercle versus tuberosity: A tuberosity is a bony projection that is larger and generally rougher than a tubercle. Tubercles are typically found near the head of a bone, whereas tuberosities are on the shaft, or perhaps the base, of a bone
