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AP1 Block 4 > AP 1 Regional Intro > Flashcards

AP 1 Regional Intro Flashcards

1
Q

How many adult human skeleton bones?

A

206 bones (most paired L/R)

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2
Q

Two divisions of adult skeleton bones?

A

Axial Skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

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3
Q

Basic types of bones (based on shape)

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
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4
Q

Bones in joint between skull bones

A

Sutural Bones

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5
Q

Greater length than width

Consist of shaft and extremities (ends)

Slightly curved for strength

A

Long Bones

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6
Q

Examples: femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius

A

Long Bones

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7
Q

Nearly equal in length and width

Examples: carpal bones of wrist (except pisiform, which is a sesamoid bone)

A

Short Bones

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8
Q

Generally thin

Provide for protection

Extensive areas for muscle attachment

Examples: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae

A

Flat Bones

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9
Q

Functions:
protect tendons from excessive wear and tear
may change the direction of pull of a tendon, thereby improving the mechanical advantage at a joint

A

Sesamoid Bones

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10
Q

Develop in certain tendons that have considerable friction, tension, and physical stress

Vary from person to person

Not always completely ossified

Examples: patellae

A

Sesamoid Bones

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11
Q

Apparently formed due to additional ossification centers in or near sutures

Most commonly found in the lambdoid suture, but also seen in other sutures

Small bones that are located in sutures between cranial bones

A

Sutural Bones

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12
Q

Complex shapes that prevent grouping them into one of the previous categories
Examples: vertebrae, hip bones, calcaneus

A

Irregular Bones

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13
Q

Projections or outgrowths

either help form joints or serve as attachment points for connective tissue

A

Processes

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14
Q

Participate in joints, or

allow the passage of soft tissue

A

Depression and Openings

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15
Q

Foramen

A

Opending

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16
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow depression

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17
Q

Sulcus

A

Groove

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18
Q

Tubelike passageway or canal

A

Meatus

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19
Q

Large, round prominence at the end of a bone, typically part of a joint

A

Condyle

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20
Q

Bony prominence on each side of the ankle

A

Malleolus

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21
Q

Smooth flat arcticular surface

A

Facet

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22
Q

Prominent ridge or elongated projection

A

Crest

23
Q

Very large projection

A

Trochanter

24
Q

Large, round typically roughened projection

A

Tuberosity

25
Q

Small, round projection

A

Tubercle

26
Q

Tubercle versus tuberosity:
A ____ is a bony projection that is larger and generally rougher than a tubercle.
____ are typically found near the head of a bone, whereas tuberosities are on the shaft, or perhaps the base, of a bone

A

Tuberosity

Tubercles

27
Q

Origin is the bones that does not move when muscles shorten

A

OK

28
Q

Insertion is the movable bone

A

Yep

29
Q

Arrangement of Fascicles;

fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate at either end in flat tendons

A

Parallel

30
Q

Arrangement of Fascicles;
fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle; terminate in flat tendons; muscle tapers toward tendons, where diameter is less than at belly.

A

Fusiform

31
Q

Arrangement of Fascicles;

(sphincter): Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice

A

Circular

32
Q

Arrangement of Fascicles;
(convergent): Fascicles spread over a broad area, and converge at a thick central tendon, giving muscle a triangular appearance.

A

Triangular

33
Q

Arrangement of Fascicles;

Fascicles are short in relation to total muscle length, and are arranged on only one side of the tendon.

A

Unipennate

34
Q

Arrangement of Fascicles;
Fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons which extend nearly the entire length of the muscle.

A

Bipennate

35
Q

Arrangment of Fascicles;
Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons, which in turn extend nearly the entire length of the muscle

A

Multipennate

36
Q

(Agonist)

Contracts to cause the desired action

A

Prime Mover

37
Q

Stretches and yields to Prime Mover

A

Antagonist

38
Q

Contract to stabilize nearby joints

A

Synergist

39
Q

stabilize the origin of the prime mover

A

Fixators

40
Q

Is the observation that a nerve that innervates a joint, also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint, and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles
This fact arises as a result of embryological development

A

Hilton’s Law

41
Q

(AKA neuralgia, neuritis, pinched or trapped nerve): is caused by physical compression or irritation of major nerve trunks and peripheral nerves, producing distant nerve pain symptoms

A

Entrapment Neuropathy

42
Q

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:

Neck

A

Neck: Thoracic outlet syndrome

43
Q

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:

Shoulder

A

Shoulder: Supraclavicular neuritis

44
Q

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:

Elbow

A

Elbow: Ulnar neuritis, Median neuritis, Radial neuritis

45
Q

Symptoms in the upper limbs can be caused by the nerve compression at the following sites:

Wrist

A

Wrist: Carpal tunnel syndrome, Ulnar neuritis

46
Q

Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites:

Hip:

A

Hip: piriformis syndrome

47
Q

Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites:

Leg:

A

Leg: compartment syndrome

48
Q

Symptoms in the lower limbs can be caused by nerve compression at the following sites:

Foot:

A

Foot:

  • Tarsal tunnel syndrome
  • Medial plantar neuritis
  • Digital neuritis
  • Deep fibular neuritis (deep peroneal neuritis)
49
Q

Entrapment Neuropathy:

________ include tingling and pain, often followed or accompanied by reduced sensation or complete numbness

A

Symptoms

50
Q

Entrapment Neuropathy:
________ commonly observed are muscle weakness, which is usually noted later than the above symptoms, and may be associated with muscle atrophy

A

Signs

51
Q

Two main circulatory routes:

A

Systemic

Pulmonary

52
Q

All systemic arteries branch from the aorta, which has four branches:

A
  1. Ascending aorta
  2. Arch of the aorta
  3. Thoracic aorta
  4. Abdominal aorta
53
Q

Venae Comitantes arrangement has two beneficial results:

regional intro slides 37/38

A
  1. Countercurrent heat exchanger in which warm arterial blood warms cooler venous blood returning to the heart
  2. Arteriovenous pump wherein veins stretch and flatten as the artery expands during contraction of the heart
54
Q

Tubercle versus tuberosity:

which is on larger?

Where are they found?

A

Tubercle versus tuberosity: A tuberosity is a bony projection that is larger and generally rougher than a tubercle. Tubercles are typically found near the head of a bone, whereas tuberosities are on the shaft, or perhaps the base, of a bone

AP1 Block 4 (5 decks)

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