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AP1 Block 4 > Head, Neck, Trunk 1 to 119 > Flashcards

Head, Neck, Trunk 1 to 119 Flashcards

1
Q

The skull, composed of ___ bones, consists of the cranial bones (cranium) and the facial bones (face)

A

22

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2
Q

The skull forms the large cranial cavity and smaller cavities, including the __ and orbits (eye sockets)

A

nasal cavity

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3
Q

Certain skull bones contain mucous membrane lined cavities called

A

paranasal sinuses

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4
Q

The only moveable bones of the skull are the

A

mandible and the ear ossicles.

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5
Q

Immovable joints called ___ hold the skull bones together

A

sutures

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6
Q

The skull is the skeleton of the head. A series of bones forms its two parts:

A

Neurocranium

Facial skeleton

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7
Q

Cranial vault or “brain box”

Provides case for brain, cranial meninges, cranial nerves, and associated structures

A

Neurocranium

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8
Q

Viscerocranium or splanchnocranium

Anterior part of the skull containing the orbits, nasal cavities, maxilla (upper jaw), mandible (lower jaw)

A

Facial skeleton

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9
Q

The neurocranium in adults is formed by the

A 
Frontal bone (1)
Parietal bones (2)
Temporal bones (2) 
Occipital bone (1) 
Sphenoid bone (1) 
Ethmoid bone (1)
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10
Q 
Frontal bone (1)
Parietal bones (2)
Temporal bones (2) 
Occipital bone (1) 
Sphenoid bone (1) 
Ethmoid bone (1)
A

Bones of the neurocranium

Most are largely flat, curved bones united by fibrous interlocking sutures

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11
Q

The space in the skull within the neurocranium occupied by the brain

A

Cranial vault

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12
Q

Cranial vault is bound by:

A

Calvaria

Basicranium

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13
Q

domelike roof of the cranium made up of the superior portions of the frontal bone, occipital bone, and parietal bones

A

Calvaria (skullcap)

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14
Q

the floor of the cranium, basically comprising the occipital, sphenoid, temporal (petrous portion), vomer, palatine(s), and some portion of the maxillae

A

Basicranium

AKA cranial base

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15
Q

Their inner surfaces attach to membranes that stabilize the positions of the brain, blood vessels, and nerves.

The outer surfaces of cranial bones provide large areas of attachment for muscles that move the various parts of the head.

Facial bones form the framework of the face and protect and provide support for the nerves and blood vessels in that area.

A

Cranial bone functions (protect the brain)

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16
Q

Cranial and facial bones together protect and support the ___

A

special sense organs

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17
Q

protect brain and house ear ossicles

muscle attachment for jaw, neck and facial muscles

A

8 Cranial bones

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18
Q

protect delicate sense organs – smell, taste, vision

support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems

A

14 Facial bones

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19
Q

8 Cranial Bones?

A 
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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20
Q

Slide 10 for bones of the skull

A

tight

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21
Q

Forms forehead, roof of orbits, and anterior cranial floor

Frontal suture gone by age 6 (not closed = metopic suture)

Supraorbital margin and frontal sinus

A

Frontal Bone

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22
Q

sides and roof of cranial cavity

A

Parietal

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23
Q 
zygomatic process forms part of arch
external auditory meatus
mastoid process
styloid process
stylomastoid foramen (CN VII)
mandibular fossa (TMJ)
petrous portion (CN VIII)
A

Temporal

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24
Q 
carotid foramen (carotid artery)
jugular foramen (jugular vein)
A

Temporal

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25
Q

foramen magnum
occipital condyles
external occipital protuberance attachment for ligamentum nuchae
superior and inferior nuchal lines

A

Occipital

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26
Q

Located in the middle part of the base of skull

Pterygoid processes are attachment sites for jaw muscles

A

Sphenoid bone

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27
Q

Called the keystone bone because it articulates with all other cranial bones

A

Sphenoid bone

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28
Q

Greater wings form the ___ floor of the cranium and lateral part of the skull (this part can be viewed externally)

(sphenoid)

A

anterolateral

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29
Q

Body is a cubelike portion holding sphenoid sinuses

Lesser wings form posterior part of ___ and part of cranium floor

(sphenoid)

A

orbit of eye

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30
Q

____ processes are attachment points for some muscles that move the mandible (lateral and medial pterygoid muscles on each side)

(sphenoid)

A

Pterygoid

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31
Q

___ transmits optic nerve (CN II) and ophthalmic artery

sphenoid

A

Optic foramen

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32
Q

____ is the passageway for oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, and ophthalmic nerves (CNs III, IV, VI, and V1)

(sphenoid)

A

Superior orbital fissure

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33
Q

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal (CN V2) passes through the ____

(sphenoid)

A

foramen rotundum

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34
Q

Foramen ___ transmits the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

sphenoid

A

ovale

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35
Q

Mnemonic for trigeminal nerve foramina ?

sphenoid

A

Standing Superior orbital fissure V1

Room Foramen rotundum V2

Only Foramen ovale V3

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36
Q

Sella turcica holds pituitary gland. 3 landmarks?

sphenoid

A

Anterior ridge = tuberculum sellae

Central depression = hypophyseal fossa

Posterior ridge = dorsum sellae

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37
Q

forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, the medial wall of the orbits, the superior portion of the nasal septum, and most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity. It is a major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity

A

Ethmoid Bone

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38
Q

attaches to the falx cerebri (the dura mater subdivision that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres)

A

Crista galli

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39
Q

___ foramina through which olfactory nerves pass (CN I)

A

Olfactory

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40
Q

contain ethmoid sinuses

A

Lateral masses

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41
Q

upper part of nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate (of ethmoid bone)

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42
Q

(AKA turbinates)

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

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43
Q

participate in sense of smell (olfactory receptors)

A

Superior conchae

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44
Q

Increase vascular surface: warms air

Causes inhaled air to swirl and impact mucus: filters air

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

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45
Q

14 Facial Bones

A 
Nasal (2)
Maxillae (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Mandible (1) Lacrimal (2)  Palatine (2)
Inferior nasal conchae (2)    	 Vomer (1)
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46
Q

house the teeth

A

Maxillae and mandible

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47
Q

Form the skeleton of the upper jaw

Fixed to the cranial base

A

maxillae

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48
Q

Forms the skeleton of the lower jaw

Articulates with the cranial base at the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), and is moveable

A

mandible

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49
Q

Alveolar processes of the maxillae and mandible comprise

A

The sockets (termed alveoli)

Supporting bone that house the teeth:
Maxillary teeth
Mandibular teeth

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50
Q

___ hold upper teeth

maxillary bones

A

Alveolar processes

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51
Q

___ is lack of union of maxillary bones

maxillary bones

A

Cleft palate

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52
Q

Cheekbones

Lateral wall of orbit along with sphenoid

Part of zygomatic arch along with part of temporal

A

Zygomatic Bones

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53
Q

part of medial wall of orbit

lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac

A

Lacrimal bones

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54
Q

Separate bones (not part of ethmoid)

Same function as superior conchae, except not involved in sense of smell (only superior nasal conchae are)

A

Inferior nasal concha (AKA turbinate)

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55
Q

The ___ transits the mandibular foramen. Inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia is a local anesthetic technique used by dentists and physicians. The ___ is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch of the trigeminal nerve.

(mandible)

A

inferior alveolar nerve

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56
Q

Body, angle and rami

Condylar and coronoid processes

Alveolar processes for lower teeth

Mandibular and mental foramen

A

Mandible

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57
Q

“L-shaped” (more like two Ls back-to-back, or an upside-down T): one end is back part of hard palate, other end is part of orbit

A

Palatine

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58
Q

posterior part of nasal septum

A

Vomer

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59
Q

Vertical partition that divides nasal cavity into left and right sides

Formed by vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and septal cartilage

A

Nasal Septum

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60
Q

The orbits contain the eyeballs and associated structures and are formed by portions of seven bones of the skull:

A 
Maxillary 	 
Frontal 
Zygomatic 
Ethmoid 
Lacrimal 
Sphenoid 
Palatine
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61
Q

Five important foramina are associated with each orbit:

A 
Optic foramen 
Superior orbital fissure 
Inferior orbital fissure 
Supraorbital foramen 
Lacrimal fossa
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62
Q

Bones of the Orbit:

Roof is ___

A

frontal and sphenoid

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63
Q

Lateral wall is ___

bones of the orbit

A

zygomatic and sphenoid

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64
Q

Floor is ___

bones of the orbit

A

maxilla, zygomatic and palatine

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65
Q

Medial wall is ____ (4 bones)

bones of the orbit

A

maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid and sphenoid

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66
Q

immovable joints found only between skull bones and hold skull bones together

A

Sutures

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67
Q

Sutures of primary importance are:

A

Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoidal
Squamous

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68
Q

___ suture unites parietal and occipital

A

Lambdoid

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69
Q

___ suture unites 2 parietal bones

A

Sagittal

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70
Q

___ unites frontal and both parietal bones

A

Coronal suture

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71
Q

___ unites parietal and temporal bones

A

Squamous suture

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72
Q

dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. They remain unossified at birth but close early in a child’s life

A

fontanels

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73
Q

Anterior
Posterior
Anterolaterals
Posterolaterals

A

Major fontanels

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74
Q

They enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal

They permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy.

A

Fontanels

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75
Q

cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity.

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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76
Q

They are lined by mucous membranes and also serve to lighten the skull and serve as resonating chambers for speech.

A

Paranasal Sinuses

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77
Q

Cranial bones containing the ___ are the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae.

A

paranasal sinuses

78
Q

occurs when membranes of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed due to infection or allergy.

A

sinusitis

79
Q

Paired cavities in ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxillary

Lined with mucous membranes and open into nasal cavity

A

Paranasal Sinuses

80
Q

Muscles of mastication (Muscles that Move the Mandible).

Arise from skull and insert on mandible

CN V (Mandibular division)

A

Masseter, temporalis and pterygoids

81
Q

Protracts, elevates or retracts mandible

A

Temporalis and Masseter elevate the mandible (biting)

Temporalis retracts

82
Q

Protracts mandible

Depresses the mandible (opens the jaw)

A

Lateral pterygoid

83
Q

elevates and protracts mandible

A

Medial pterygoid

84
Q

Together, they move jaw side-to-side to grind food

A

Medial pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid

85
Q

4 extrinsic mm arise elsewhere, but insert into tongue

A

Genioglossus
Styloglossus
Palatoglossus
Hyoglossus

86
Q

Together move tongue in various directions

Intubation is necessary during anesthesia since ___ relaxes and tongue falls posteriorly blocking airway

A

Genioglossus

87
Q

Originate on bones of the skull and insert onto skin or other muscles

Encircle eyes, nose and mouth

Express emotions

All are innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)

A

Muscles of Facial Expression

88
Q

Branches of CN VII are:

A 
Temporal 
Zygomatic 
Buccal 
Marginal mandibular 
Cervical
89
Q

Motor innervation to each muscle of facial expression is provided by a branch (sometimes two branches) of the facial nerve in the vicinity of the muscle

A

Mnemonic for facial nerve branches

To Zanzibar By Motor Car

Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal mandibular Cervical

90
Q

The terminal branches of CN VII arise from the ___ plexus within the parotid gland, emerge from the gland, and radiate in a generally anterior direction

A

parotid

91
Q

Muscles of Facial Expression

A

Orbicularis oculi

Orbicularis oris

Buccinator

92
Q

closes the eye

A

Orbicularis oculi

93
Q

puckers the mouth

A

Orbicularis oris

94
Q

forms the muscular portion of the cheek and assists in whistling, blowing, sucking and chewing

A

Buccinator

95
Q

___ opens the eye (NOT a muscle of facial expression)

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

96
Q

Origin:
Occipital belly: occipital bone
Frontal belly: galea aponeurotica

Insertion:
Occipital belly: galea aponeurotica
Frontal belly: fascia and skin superior to eye and nose

A

Occipitofrontalis

97
Q

Action: overall, elevates (raises) eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally as in look of surprise

Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): temporal branch

A

Occipitofrontalis

98
Q

Origin: (both) zygomatic bone

Insertion:
Major: skin at angle of mouth and orbicularis oris
Minor: upper lip

A

Zygomaticus major and Zygomaticus minor

99
Q

Action:
Major: draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally, as in smiling
Minor: Raises (elevates) upper lip, exposing maxillary teeth

Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): zygomatic branch and buccal branch

A

Zygomaticus major and Zygomaticus

100
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: skin at angle of mouth and orbicularis oris

A

Levator labii superioris

101
Q

Action: raises (elevates) upper lip
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): zygomatic branch

A

Levator labii superioris

102
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: skin of lower lip

A

Depressor labii inferioris

103
Q

Action: depresses (lowers) lower lip
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): marginal mandibular branch

A

Depressor labii inferioris

104
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: angle of the mouth

A

Depressor anguli oris

105
Q

Action: draws angle of mouth laterally and inferiorly
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): marginal mandibular branch

A

Depressor anguli oris

106
Q

Origin: muscle fibers surrounding the opening of the mouth
Insertion: skin at the corner of the mouth

A

Orbicularis oris

107
Q

Action: closes and protrudes the lips; compresses lips against teeth; shapes lips during speech
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): buccal branch

A

Orbicularis oris

108
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: orbicularis oris

A

Buccinator

109
Q

Action: presses cheeks against teeth and lips, as in whistling, blowing, sucking; draws corner of mouth laterally; assists in mastication (chewing) by keeping food between the teeth
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): buccal branch

A

Buccinator

110
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: skin at the angle of the mouth

A

Risorius

111
Q

Action: draws angle of the mouth laterally, as in grimacing
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): buccal branch

A

Risorius

112
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: skin of chin

A

Mentalis

113
Q

Action: elevates and protrudes the lower lip and pulls up skin of chin, as in pouting
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): marginal mandibular branch

A

Mentalis

114
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: mandible, muscle around angle of mouth, and skin of lower face

A

Platysma

115
Q

Action: draws outer part of lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting; depresses mandible
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): cervical branch

A

Platysma

116
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: circular path around orbit

A

Orbicularis oculi

117
Q

Action: closes and squints eye (orbital part), depresses upper eyelid and elevates lower eyelid
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): temporal branch and zygomatic branch

A

Orbicularis oculi

118
Q

Origin: N/A
Insertion: skin of eyebrow

A

Corrugator supercilii

119
Q

Action: draws eyebrow inferiorly and medially, wrinkles skin of forehead vertically as in frowning
Innervation: facial nerve (CN VII): temporal branch

A

Corrugator supercilii

120
Q

Cutaneous innervation of the head and face

A

Branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
V1 = ophthalmic
V2 = maxillary
V3 = mandibular

121
Q

Face dermatome?

A

CN V (trigeminal nerve)

122
Q

Occipital protuberance (occipital protuberance is the prominent feature within the dermatome area, which is generally the area normally covered by hair)

A

C2 (dermatome)

123
Q

Gentleman’s collar

A

C3 (dermatome)

124
Q

Layer of the Scalp(superficial to deep)

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (subcutaneous)
Aponeurosis
Loose connective
Pericranium
125
Q

The first three layers (skin, connective tissue, and ___) are intimately connected and move as a unit, such as when wrinkling the forehead and moving the scalp.

A

aponeurosis

126
Q

The ____ is somewhat like a sponge because of its many potential spaces that may distend with fluid resulting from injury or infection. This layer is termed the danger area of the scalp because pus, blood, or infection can spread easily in it.

A

loose connective tissue

127
Q

The pericranium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that forms the external periosteum of the ____.

A

calvaria

128
Q

unique component of the axial skeleton because it does not articulate with any other bones.

A

hyoid bone

129
Q

The hyoid bone consists of a horizontal body and paired projections, the lesser and greater ___

A

horns

130
Q

U-shaped single bone
Articulates with no other bone of the body
Suspended by ligament and muscle from skull
Supports the tongue and provides attachment for tongue, neck and pharyngeal muscles

A

hyoid bone

131
Q

arises from sternum and clavicle and inserts onto mastoid process of the temporal bone
innervated by cranial nerve XI (spinal accessory)

A

Sternocleidomastoid

132
Q

contraction of both flexes the cervical vertebrae (so chin approaches manubrium) and extends head (thrust chin forward, keeping head level)
contraction of one, laterally flexes the neck and rotates face in opposite direction

A

Sternocleidomastoid

133
Q

upper back of the neck) is the triangular area inferior to the occipital region of the head

A

suboccipital region

134
Q

Rectus capitis posterior, both major and minor

Obliquus capitis, both inferior and superior

A

The four small muscles in the suboccipital region

135
Q

Slide 76 ya heard

A

AIGHT

136
Q

Two groups of muscles are associated with the anterior aspect of the neck, being named for their position relative to the hyoid bone:

A

Suprahyoid muscles

Infrahyoid muscles

137
Q

Both groups of muscles stabilize the hyoid bone, allowing it to serve as a firm base on which the tongue can move

A

Suprahyoid muscles

Infrahyoid muscles

138
Q

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

A

The suprahyoid muscles

139
Q

As a group, they elevate the hyoid bone, floor of the oral cavity, and tongue during swallowing

A

Digastric
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

140
Q

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

A

Infrahyoid muscles

141
Q

Most of the infrahyoid muscles depress the hyoid bone, and some move ___

A

the larynx during swallowing and speech

142
Q

Attach cervical vertebrae to uppermost ribs

Flex, laterally flex and rotate the head

Participate in forced inspiration

Innervated by cervical spinal nerves C3 – C8

A

Scalene Muscle Group

143
Q

largest artery of the body

A

Aorta

144
Q

2 coronary arteries supply myocardium

A

ascending aorta

145
Q

branches to the arms and head

A

arch of aorta

146
Q

branches into right common carotid and right subclavian

A

brachiocephalic trunk

147
Q

left subclavian and left common carotid arise ____

A

independently

148
Q

pericardium, esophagus, bronchi, diaphragm, intercostal and chest muscles, mammary gland, skin, vertebrae and spinal cord supplied by?

A

thoracic aorta

149
Q

Are direct branches of the subclavian arteries

Course through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae

Unite to form the unpaired basilar artery on ventral surface of the pons

A

Vertebral arteries

150
Q

Are branches of the common carotid artery

Enter skull through the carotid canal(s) (carotid foramen (foramina))

To inferior anterior surface of the brain

A

Internal carotid arteries

151
Q

supplies structures external to skull as branches of maxillary and superficial temporal branches

A

External carotid arteries

152
Q

supply eyeballs and parts of brain

A

Internal carotid arteries (contribute to Circle of Willis)

153
Q

The arterial circle of Willis is an

A

anastamosis

154
Q

Circle of Willis Connects the posterior and anterior blood supplies to the brain by interconnecting the branches of the ____ artery with branches of the internal carotid arteries

A

basilar

155
Q

Important in controlling blood supply to the brain when pressure varies in one or more of the major arteries

Provides alternate pathways for blood to travel in the event of blockage or occlusion

A

Arterial circle of Willis

156
Q

drain the head and neck into the superior vena cava

A

External and Internal jugular veins

157
Q

empty into internal jugular vein

A

Dural venous sinuses

158
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph into venous blood at the junction of the

A

left internal jugular and left subclavian veins.

159
Q

The right lymphatic duct, lymph drains into venous blood at the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.

A

right internal jugular and right subclavian veins.

160
Q

Slide 88

A

for lymph drainage

161
Q

supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and upper part of the shoulders

A

The cervical plexus

162
Q

Ventral rami of spinal nerves (C1 to C5)

A

The cervical plexus

163
Q

In addition to this “local” innervation, the ____ innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

164
Q

supplies the skin of the neck and scalp posterosuperior to the auricle

A

Lesser occipital nerve

165
Q

skin over the parotid gland, mastoid process, auricle, and the area of skin from the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process (posterioinferior part of the face and inferior part of the auricle)

A

Great auricular nerve

166
Q

Check out the weird dude on slide 92

A

thumbs up

167
Q

The greater occipital nerve is NOT a branch of the cervical plexus (which the lesser occipital nerve is)

A

pertinent negative, I reckon

168
Q

After arising from between vertebrae C1 and C2, emerges beneath the obliquus capitis inferior muscle, passes through the semispinalis capitis and trapezius muscles, and ascends to supply the skin along the posterior part of the scalp to the vertex

A

Greater occipital nerve

169
Q

Disorder of the nerve is one of the causes of occipital neuralgias, as it can be entrapped at the ____ muscle

(greater occipital nerve)

A

obliquus capitis inferior

170
Q

Damage to the spinal cord above the origin of the ____ causes respiratory arrest.

A

phrenic nerves (C3-C5)

Breathing stops because the phrenic nerves no longer send impulses to the diaphragm.

171
Q

The mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the

A

temporomandibular joint

172
Q

______ syndrome is dysfunction to varying degrees of the temporomandibular joint. Causes appear to be numerous and the treatment is similarly variable.

A

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

173
Q

Temporal
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

A

TMJ MUSCLES

174
Q

Check out the neck triangles on slide 99 - 108

A

now go do some shrugs

175
Q

The ____ derives its name from the fact that it contains the subclavian artery and subclavian vein. This same triangle is also called the supraclavicular triangle because it is superior to the clavicle.

A

subclavian triangle

176
Q

Glandular area sometimes called the digastric triangle. The submandibular gland nearly fills this triangle. It also contains the facial artery and facial vein.

A

Submandibular triangle

177
Q

Important components include the common carotid artery, internal/external carotid arteries, internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, thyroid gland, and larynx

A

carotid triangle

178
Q

contains infrahyoid muscles, viscera of the neck, such as the thyroid and parathyroid glands, and the trachea and larynx

A

The muscular triangle

179
Q

are “just passing through” on their way to innervate a more remote part of the body. They comprise the vagus nerve and phrenic nerve.

A

Transient nerves of the neck

180
Q

The ____, along with the sternum and ribs, makes up the trunk of the skeleton.

A

vertebral column

181
Q

The __ bones of the vertebral column are arranged into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

A

26

182
Q

how many in each?

cervical vertebrae in the neck

thoracic vertebrae in the thorax

lumbar vertebrae in the low back region

sacrum

coccyx

A

7

12

5

5, fused

4, fused

183
Q

The four normal vertebral curves are:

A

cervical and lumbar (anteriorly convex curves)

thoracic and sacral (anteriorly concave curves)

184
Q

Between adjacent vertebrae, from the ____ to the sacrum, are intervertebral discs that form strong joints, permit various movements of the vertebral column, and absorb vertical shock

A

second cervical (axis)

185
Q

thoracic and sacral are formed during fetal development

In the fetus, there is only a single anteriorly concave curve

A

Primary curves

186
Q

cervical is formed when infant raises head at 4 months

lumbar forms when infant sits up and begins to walk at about 1 year

A

Secondary curves

187
Q

characterized by an abnormal increase in the thoracic curvature

A

Kyphosis (humpback)

188
Q

It can result from erosion of the anterior part of one or more vertebrae, such as demineralization resulting from osteoporosis. Dowager’s hump is a colloquial name for ___ in older women caused by wedge fractures of the thoracic vertebrae resulting from osteoporosis, but kyphosis occurs in both male and female geriatric patients.

A

kyphosis

189
Q

characterized by an anterior rotation of the pelvis at the hip joints producing an abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature

A

Lordosis (sway back)

190
Q

It is often associated with weakened trunk musculature. Women develop temporary ___ during late pregnancy to compensate for alterations to their normal line of gravity. Obesity in both sexes can also cause ___ and low back associated with it due to increased weight of the abdominal contents.

A

lordosis

191
Q

characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature that is accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae.

A

Scoliosis (curved back)

192
Q

In scoliosis, the spinous processes turn ___ the cavity of the abnormal curvature. When bending over, the ribs protrude.

A

toward

AP1 Block 4 (5 decks)

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