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Clinical Anatomy > Head & Neck 1 > Flashcards

Head & Neck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

label the parts of the external and internal nose

A
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2
Q

what are the 3 bony components to the external nose?

A

nasal bones
maxillary bones
frontal bone

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3
Q

what are the cartilaginous components of the external nose

A

major ala cartilages (n=2)
minor ala cartilages
lateral nasal cartilages (n=2)
septal cartilage x4

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4
Q

what are the regions of the nasal cavity?

A

Vestibule of the nasal cavity
* Consists of coarse hair (vibrissae)

Respiratory region of the nasal cavity
* Walls of nasal cavity humidify
inhaled air

Olfactory region of the nasal cavity
* Allows smell (olfaction)

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5
Q

what are the nerves that innervate the olfactory bulb

A

CN1 (olfcatory nerve) for olfaction (smell/special sense)

CN6 (opthalmic) and CN7 (maxillary) of the trigeminal (CN5) for general sensory innervation

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6
Q

what makes the medial wall of the nasal cavity? (nasal septum)

A
  • Septal cartilage (anteriorly)
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid (superiorly and posteriorly)
  • Vomer (inferior and posterior)
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7
Q

label this saggital section of the medial wall of nasal cavity

A
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8
Q

what causes occlusion of one of the two nasal chambers (partial/complete) leading to difficulty breathing and treatment?

A

Deviated Septum
septum is displaced to a side

Septoplasty

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9
Q

what are the 2 main divisions of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

3 nasal conchae/ turbinates and 3 nasal meati

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10
Q

What are the bony shell shaped structures within the nasal cavity called?
What is their function?
What covers them?

A

concha

superior and middle are bony projections from ethmoid bone
Superior, middle and inferior concha/ turbinates
Function: Will warm up and humidify the air and trap foreign particles
Covered by a mucus membrane

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11
Q

difference between 3 nasal cochae and label them

A

Superior nasal concha
*Bony projection from ethmoid bone

Middle nasal concha
*Bony projection from ethmoid bone

Inferior nasal concha
*Independent bone

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12
Q

label

A

outer dark purple is inferior nasal conchi
middle blue is middle nasal conchi
inner light purple is the superiro nasal conchi

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13
Q

label the nasal meati

A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q
A

posterior nare (choanae) of nasal cavity

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16
Q

What is the vertical and horizontal plane of th ethmoid bone?

What does the horizontal plane form?
What does the vertical plane contain?

A

Vertical = Cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
Contains foramina which allows olfactory nerves to pass through

Horizontal = Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Forms the nasal septum
Ethmoid bone also makes up the superior and middle conchae

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17
Q

What is the opening and exit of the nasal cavity called?

A

Opening = nasal recess
Exit = Nasal choanae

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18
Q

Function of turbinates

A

-Warm up and humidify the air as it passes through the nose
-Create a turbulence effect and trap foreign particles
-Covered by mucus membranes

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19
Q

what is the arterial blood supply of the nasal cavity

A

there is a few. original branch is common carotid
branches from internal carotid arteries are:
* Anterior ethmoidal artery
* Posterior ethmoidal artery

branches from external carotid arteries:
* Greater palatine artery
* Sphenopalatine artery
* Superior labial artery
* Lateral nasal artery

great palestine sees suffering lately

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20
Q

what is epistaxis (nose bleed)

A

2 forms:
- anterior: from kiesselbachs plexus (enastamoses between arteries), most common
- posterior: from woodruffs plexus

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21
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?
What is their function?

A

air filled cavities

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

Lighten skull
Vocal resonance
Cleans out air
Shock absorption

Contains pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

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22
Q

where is the frontal paranasal sinus?
location of ostium (opening)

A
  • Paired
  • Located within the frontal bone
  • Flattened triangular shape
  • Typically, asymmetrical

ostium = middle meatus

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23
Q

location of maxillary sinus

A

in teh maxilla

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24
Q

what si maxillary sinusitis

A

inflammation of maxillary sinus

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25
Why are the maxillary sinuses more prone to infection?
* Its ostium is located at the superior part of the sinus * Ostium lies at an obtuse angle toward the nasal roofàdifficult to be emptied in the erect position
26
what does this CT scan show?
CT scan of the head in the coronal plane showing left maxillary sinusitis
27
where is the ethmoidal sinus? and where is its ostiums?
Paired * Divided into: *Anterior, middle and posterior groups Location of ostium for the: * Anterior ethmoidal air cells: middle meatus * Middle ethmoidal air cells : middle meatus * Posterior ethmoidal air cells : superior meatus
28
where is the sphenoid sinus and its ostium
* Paired * Large irregularly shaped cavities Location of ostium: * Sphenoethmoidal recess (superoposterior to the superior nasal concha)
29
Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into?
Sphenoethmoidal recess located superior to superior concha
30
Where do the anterior, posterior and middle ethmoidal air cells drain into?
Posterior drain into the superior meatus Anterior will drain through canals into the middle meatus in the semilunar hiatus via openings called ostia Middle drain into the ethmoidal bulla of the middle meatus
31
Where do the maxillary and frontal sinuses drain into?
Maxillary and frontal drain into the middle meatus via canals into the semilunar hiatus (groove) through openings called ostia (along with anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells)
32
do any paranasal sinuses drain into the inferior nasal meatus?
no. only the nasolacriminal duct drains into this (tears)
33
Why does a persons nose start running when they cry?
because the nasolacrimal duct opens into the inferior meatus
34
Summarise the drainage of the sinuses into the nasal cavity
Sphenoid = sphenoethmoidal recess Ethmoidal air cells Anterior = Middle meatus Middle = Middle meatus Posterior (closer to back) = So superior meatus Frontal and maxillary = Middle meatus
35
what sinuses do you see in the CT scans?
36
Vasculature of the sinuses
Maxillary sinuses– branches of the maxillary artery Frontal sinuses- branches of the ophthalmic artery Ethmoidal sinuses- branches of the ophthalmic artery Sphenoidal sinuses- branches of the ophthalmic artery
37
what are the 2 parts of the oral cavity?
Oral vestibule * Area between teeth and lips or cheek Oral cavity proper * Area located internal to the teeth
38
what is the tongue? its parts? appearance
*Muscular structure *Divided into two parts: *Oral (pre-sulcal) part: *Anterior 2/3rd *Movable *Pharyngeal (post-sulcal) *Posterior 1/3rd *Non-movable Appearance: *Pink *Covered in papillae (some of which contain tastebuds)
39
what is the sulcus terminalis
V shaped-groove separating the tongue’s oral part from its pharyngeal part
40
what is the lingual frenulum
Lingual frenulum: Attaches the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
41
what are the 2 muscles of the tongue
* Extrinsic muscles * Intrinsic muscles people sometimes have gas svis
42
what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? and function? innervation?
* Transverse * Vertical * Superior longitudinal * Inferior longitudinal *Alter the shape of the tongue *Innervated by hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)
43
label the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
44
what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? function? innervation?
*Palatoglossus* - not innervated by CN12, instead by CN10 *Styloglossus *Hyoglossus *Genioglossus *Alter the position of the tongue (i.e., protrusion, retraction or moving the tongue laterally) *All innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) except the palatoglossus (CNX)
45
label extrinsic muscle parts
46
what is the nervous supply to the tongue?
sensory: anterior 2/3rds is linguinal nerve CN3 posterior 1/3rd is CN9 motor: hypoglossal nerve CN12 vagus nerve CN10 (only palatoglossul extrinsic muscle ) special (taste): anterior 2/3rds is chorda tympani CN3 postriro 1/3rd is glossopharyngeal CN9
47
what are salivary glands and the two parts
produce saliva *Minor Salivary Glands (AKA intrinsic salivary glands) Scattered within the mucosa of the tongue, palate, lips, and cheeks *Major Salivary Glands (AKA extrinsic salivary glands) *Lie external to the oral cavity *Connect to the oral cavity via ducts *There are three major salivary glands
48
what is the largest major salivary gland?
parotid salivary glanda major - (extrinsic) salivary gland (near the ear) and on each side of the face *Parotid duct pierces the buccinator muscle and opens opposite to the upper second molar *Parotid gland and duct run superficial to the masseter muscle parasymp innervation is teh glossopharyngeal (CN9)
49
where does the parotid duct (the parotid salivary gland) pierce?
Parotid duct pierces the buccinator muscle and opens opposite to the upper second molar
50
what is the clinical relevance and relation of parotid tumours and nerves nearby
*The extracranial portion of the facial nerve (CNVII) pierces the parotid gland *Once it emerges from it, it gives off its 5 terminal motor branches which innervate the muscles of facial expression Parotid tumors *Parotidectomy (resection of parotid tumor) a potential injury to facial nerve = facial nerve paralysis
51
name the three major (extrinsic) salivary glands
parotid submandibular sublingual
52
what, where is the submandibular salivary gland? its parasymp innervation?
*Lies inferomedial to the angle of the mandible *Submandibular duct opens in the floor of the oral cavity, lateral to the lingual frenulum Parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular gland: Facial Nerve (CNVII)
53
where is the sublingual salivary gland, its parasymp innervation?
*Lies in the floor of the oral cavity, inferior to the tongue *It has many ducts that open superior to the gland Facial Nerve (CNVII)
54
label the sublingual and submanibular salivary glands
55
what is TMJ (Temporomandibular Joint) and what type of joint is it
STCM Articulation between the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the condyle of the mandible What type of joint is the TMJ? *Ginglymoarthrodial *Hinge *Gliding
56
label what you can
57
what are the 4 structural components of the TMJ? and label
*Squamous portion of temporal bone *Condyle of mandible *Articular disc (within the TMJ joint) *Ligaments
58
what happens if mandibular condyle moves anterior to articular eminence? and treatment?
mouth appears wide open = mandibular dislocation (AKA sublaxation of the TMJ) Treatment of Mandibular Dislocation: *Relocation involves repositioning the condyle of the mandible posterior, to the articular eminence
59
what are the 2 types of msucles of mastication and their 2 corresponding forms
60
what are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
by branches of the mandibular division (CNV3) of the trigeminal nerve (CNV)
61
what muscle is this? where is it? where does it insert? innervated by..? function?
Temporalis *Fan-shaped muscle * Lies within the temporal fossa of the temporal bone * Its tendon inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible Actions: *Elevates the mandible *Retraction of mandible
62
what is this muscle? function? originates? inserts? innervation?
Masseter * Masseter= “chewer” * Originates from the zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone * Its tendon inserts on the ramus and angle of the mandible * It has 2 heads: * Superficial head * Deep head
63
what muscle is this? function? innervation?
deep muscle - medial pterygoid Action: *Protracts mandible *Elevates mandible *Produces side- to-side movement
64
what muscle is this? action? innervation, insertion etc?
deep - Lateral Pterygoid Action: * Protracts mandible * Produces side-to-side movement

Clinical Anatomy (22 decks)

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