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Anatomy > Head Lab > Flashcards

Head Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Pinna or auricle

A

part o the external ear that is the flap of skin and cartilage that helps funnel sound to the opening of the external ear canal (external acoustic meatus)

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2
Q

auricular cartilage

A

determines the form of the pinna. stiffer auricular cartilage results in erect ears, while floppy pinnae have softer auricular cartilage

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3
Q

aural haematoma

A

a condition where blood accumulates between the skin of the pinna and the auricular cartilage

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4
Q

caudal auricular vein (marginal ear vein)

A

blood vessel visible at the edge of the dorsal pinna

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5
Q

caudal auricular artery

A

the blood vessel running along the middle of the pinna

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6
Q

opening of the external ear canal

A

found ventrally amongst the folds of skin covered cartilage. Initially courses ventrally from the opening (vertical ear canal) before it turns and continues in a horizontal direction towards the median plane (horizontal ear canal)

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7
Q

tympanic membrane

A

separates the external ear canal from the middle ear

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8
Q

Nasal planum

A

area of hairless skin on the muzzle featuring a median groove

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9
Q

philtrum

A

the groove at the nasal planum that continues to the upper lip

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10
Q

nares

A

nostrils, air moves through here n its way to the respiratory tract

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11
Q

alar fold

A

forms the lateral part of the nare

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12
Q

nasolabial plate

A

the area of modified skin of the upper lip in cattle

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13
Q

rostral plate

A

an extensive area of modified skin on a pigs muzzle

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14
Q

nasal diverticulum /false nostril

A

a blind ended sac just within the dorsal aspect of the nostril in horses

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15
Q

cornea

A

the clear outer layer of the eyeball

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16
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

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17
Q

limbus

A

where the cornea and sclera join

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18
Q

pupil

A

seen through the cornea, appears black and can range in shape and orientation. dilates and constricts to control the amount of light entering the eye

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19
Q

iris

A

the coloured part of the eye

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20
Q

cats pupil chape

A

vertical orientation, slit-like appearance when constricted. rounds when dilated

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21
Q

pupil shape in dogs

A

round when constricted and when dilated

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22
Q

pupil shape of horses and ruminants

A

horizontal slit-like that become rounded when dilated

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23
Q

iridic granules/ corpora nigra

A

prominent structures found in horses and camelids that are found along the dorsal margin of the pupil. thought to help reduce the amount of light that reaches the retina.
also found in ruminants, but smaller

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24
Q

adnexal structures

A

supporting structures surrounding an organ

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25
Q

orbit

A

the eye socket that the eyeball sits in. surrounded by retrobulbar fat and extraocular muscles responsible for moving the eye

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26
Q

palpebrae

A

upper and lower eyelids that act to protect the ye and move in unison as the animal blinks

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27
Q

cilia

A

eyelashes that are resent along the eyelid margins

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28
Q

palpebral conjunctiva

A

a pink membrane that covers the inside of the eyelids

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29
Q

bulbar conjunctiva

A

a thin membrane that attaches to the outer surface of the sclera

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30
Q

canthi (canthus)

A

the skin at the edges of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet

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31
Q

medial/ lateral canthus

A

on the medial or lateral side of the eye

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32
Q

nictitating membrane / third eyelid

A

appears as a whitish-pink membrane towards the medial side of the eye and offers protection for they eye

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33
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

consists of the lacrimal gland, other tear producing glands, and a duct system that carries tears out of the eye into the nasal cavity

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34
Q

lacrimal gland

A

situated dorsolaterally to the eye between the eyeball and the orbit. produces a significant component of the tear film that helps lubricate, protect, and nourish they eye

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35
Q

lacrimal puncta

A

small slits present on the inside of the upper and lower eyelids towards the medial canthus where tears drain out

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36
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

opens to the nasal cavity, tear drain though here

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37
Q

borders of the oral cavity

A

oral cavity begins at the lips, rostrally and stops at the palatoglossal arches caudally- everything caudal to this point is a component of the oropharynx

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38
Q

hard palate

A

a bony shelf formed by multiple bones of the skull that is the dorsal border of the oral cavity

39
Q

tongue

A

a very vascular structure that forms the ventral border of the oral cavity and extends caudally into the oropharynx.
has a free apex which allows for the manipulation of food

40
Q

buccal mucosa

A

the inner aspects of the cheeks along the lateral border of the mouth

41
Q

vestibule

A

the area between the lips/cheeks and the teeth/jaw margins. some rodents have enlargements of vestibules where they can store food

42
Q

commissure of the lips

A

the area where the upper and lower lips meet caudally

43
Q

root (caudal aspect) of the tongue

A

attaches to the hyoid bone

44
Q

frenulum

A

the fold of the mucous membrane that extends from the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

45
Q

sublingual caruncles

A

saliva enters the mouth through these beneath the tongue

46
Q

keritanised papillae

A

also called spines, cover cats’ tongues

47
Q

torus

A

a large bulge at the caudal aspect of the ruminant tongue

48
Q

buccal papillae

A

a feature of the ruminant mouth found on the inner surface of their lips and cheeks

49
Q

palatine tonsils

A

visible on either side of the ropharynx

49
Q

soft palate

A

dorsal border of the oropharynx that continues into the hard palate and separates the oropharynx from the nasopharynx

50
Q

nasalpharynx

A

the caudal continuation of the nasal cavity

51
Q

laryngopharynx

A

where the oropharynx and the nasopharynx converge. the most caudal aspect og the pharynx assists in funneling food to the esophagus

52
Q

crown

A

part of a tooth that sits above gingiva

53
Q

roots

A

part of a tooth that sits below the gingiva

54
Q

gingiva

A

gumline

55
Q

enamel

A

a very resistant, calcified and slightly opalescent white material that encases the crown

56
Q

cementum

A

a softer, less shiny, and yellowish tissue that encases the root

57
Q

pulp

A

a very delicate connective tissue which is highly perfused and innervated and is found deep to the dentine cavity

58
Q

alveolar bone

A

tooth sockets in the incisive, maxillary, and mandibular bones where the tooth is firmly attached to.

59
Q

periodontal ligament

A

attaches the tooth to the alveolar bone

60
Q

incisors

A

small, peg like teeth that are crowded together at the rostral part of the jaw and have a single root . used to divide food before it is taken into the mouth

61
Q

canines

A

large and curved teeth that have a single root and are used as a tool during aggressive situations and to hold prey

62
Q

premolars

A

medium sized pyramid-shaped to cuboidal teeth, most with multiple roots. together they form a discontinuous serrate cutting edge that aids in the cutting of food

63
Q

molars

A

large cuboidal teeth with a flattish occlusal surface that most often have multiple roots, used principally for crushing

64
Q

carnassial teeth

A

found in carnivores, the largest teeth among the premolars and molars.
in the maxilla, the fourth premolar
in the mandible, the first molar

65
Q

deciduous teeth

A

smaller, primary teeth that re shed and replaced

66
Q

cheek teeth

A

molar and pre-molar teeth in herbivores that are wider and flatter than in carnivores. designed to grind food, and aid in digestion.

67
Q

permanent teeth

A

replace the deciduous teether

68
Q

dental pad

A

a specialised gingiva in ruminants that takes the place of upper incisors

69
Q

tushes

A

canine teeth in horses usually only present in males

70
Q

wolf teeth

A

the first pre-molar of the upper jazw , presence varies between individuals

71
Q

diastema

A

the large gap between cheek teeth and the incisors in herbivores (referred to as the ‘bars’ in horses because this is where the bit sits)

72
Q

salivary glands

A

four salivary glands that are all named in relation to their location
1)parotid
2)zygomatic
3)mandibula
4)sublingual
saliva is carried from the salivary glands into the mouth via salivary ducts. the parotid and zygomatic ducts pen adjacent to the upper pre-molars, while the mandibular and sublingual salivary ducts open at the sublingual caruncle

73
Q

mandibular lymph nodes

A

near the mandibular salivary glands and routinely palpated during exams, found ventral to the angle of the mandible on both sides of the head in dogs ,cats, and ruminants and in the intermandibular space between the left and right mandibles in horses

74
Q

facial artery

A

can be palpated medial to the body of the mandible just rostral to the masseter muscle

75
Q

transverse facial artery

A

can be palpated caudoventrally to the eye

76
Q

nasal cavity

A

inspired air flow though the nasal cavity via the nares. the left and right nasal cavities are separated by the nasal septum.

77
Q

conchae or turbinates

A

curved shelves of bone inside the nasal cavity that are lined with ciliated respiratory epithelium that secretes mucous and fluid that traps microorganisms and forgein objects. plentiful blood supply also ensures that inspired air is warmed and humidified

78
Q

auditory tube

A

connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx to help normalise pressure in the middle ear

79
Q

guttural pouch

A

a air-filled outpouching of the auditory tube in horses.

80
Q

larynx

A

a short tube comprised of several cartilages connected by ligaments and muscles
- epiglottic cartilage (epiglottis)
-arytenoid cartilage

81
Q

epiglottis

A

a flap of cartilage located at the entrance to the larynx, acts as a switch between the larynx and the esophagus. allows air into the trachea adn food into the espophagus

82
Q

arytenoid cartilages

A

endotracheal tubes are placed between these

83
Q

trachea

A

continuous with the larynx, conducts air between the larynx and the bronchi. consists of C shaped rings of cartilage connected by smooth muscle

84
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea

85
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

hollowed parts of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity and are lined with respiratory epithelium
-frontal sinus
-maxillary sinus

85
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

86
Q

5 functional units of the CNS

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brainstem, sinal cord

87
Q

cerebrum

A

the large area towards the rostral aspect of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres that are separated laterally by the longitudinal fissure and joined together at the corpus callosum. the surface has numerous folds. peaks of the folds ar gyri and the troughs of the folds are sulci

88
Q

cerebellum

A

positioned caudal to the cerebrum

89
Q

diencephalon

A

consists of three parts. In order from dorsal to ventral, pineal gland, thalamus, and hypothalamus . pituitary gland is an endocrine gland present just ventral to the hypothalamus attached by a short stock

90
Q

brainstem

A

located at the base of the skull and is positioned ventral to the cerebellum . made of three main parts. listed cranial to caudal, the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

91
Q
A

Anatomy (11 decks)

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