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Anatomy > Bones and Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Bones and Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Connective tissues are those that aren’t muscle, nerve, or epithelium. They usually consist of a small number of cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.

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2
Q

extracellular matrix

A

consists of ground substance and protein fibres such as collagen and elastin

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3
Q

Functions of bones and bone tissue

A

Protection, stability, mineral storage, blood cell production, lipid storage, controlled movement

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4
Q

outer Compact Bone

A

dense, with a smooth appearance. Means compact bone is able to resist compression and twisting forces.

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5
Q

inner Trabecular Bone
(also referred to as spongy or cancellous bone)

A

has many open spaces that give it the appearance of a sponge. The spongey framework allows this part of the bone to resist forces in many directions and the spaces reduce weight.

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6
Q

Long Bones

A

limb bones, longer than they are wide. consist of a long central shaft with a bulge at either end that forms a joint with another bone

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7
Q

Flat bones

A

bones of the skull

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8
Q

short bones

A

carpus bones

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9
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebrae (bones of the spinal column)

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10
Q

Pneumatic bones

A

bones that contain air-filled spaces. ex: the frontal bone of the skull

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

small bones that are situated within a tendon. Ex: the patella

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12
Q

Diaphysis

A

the shaft of the long bone

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13
Q

Epiphysis

A

Each end of the long bone

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14
Q

Metaphysis

A

the region connecting the diaphysis and the epiphyses

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

a tough, fibrous membrane that covers much of the long bone. Underneath the periosteum lies a thick layer of compact bone surrounding a latticework of trabecular bone

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16
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers the ends of long bones where they join with another bone to form joints. provides a layer lubricated, cushioning tissue to ensure smooth joint movement

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17
Q

cartilage

A

a firm, flexible tissue made up of chondrocytes, varying amounts of collagen and elastin fibres, and a rubbery ground substance. it is designed to yield to force and return to its shape. a specialised type of connective tissue

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18
Q

Red Marrow

A

the spaces in the trabecular bone that synthesizes red blood cells

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19
Q

inner Medullary cavity

A

much of the trabecular bone is removed from diaphysis

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20
Q

yellow marrow

A

primarily fat that fills the medullary cavity in adult animals

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21
Q

endosteum

A

a layer of bine-forming and connective tissue cells lining the medullary cavity

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22
Q

Extracellular matrix of bone

A

consists mostly of calcium salts and a large amount of phosphorus. these both exist as a part of a large mineral called hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its strength and ability to resist compression.

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23
Q

Osteiod

A

a special type of bone collagen that makes up the organic part of the extracellular matrix in bone

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone building cells that produce osteoid and weave the fibres into a frame work. new bone is created by adding hydroxyapatite and other crystals to the osteoid frame

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25
Q

Osteoclasts

A

cells that break down bone. this process releases the calcium, phosphorus, and other components of the bone into the blood stream for recycling. concentrated mainly around the edges of the trabecular bone, osteoclasts work together with osteoblasts in a continual process of bone destruction and reconstruction that dissolves (resorbs), renews, remodels, and repairs bone.

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26
Q

osteocytes

A

nourish and care for bone. osteocytes are mature osteoblasts.

27
Q

Lacunae

A

tiny, single-cell spaces that trap osteoblasts as they form new bone

28
Q

canaliculi

A

osteocytes that mature into osteocytes in the lacunae connect with one another by cytoplasmic extensions travelling through a maze of tiny tunnels

29
Q

lamellae

A

concentric layers where compact bone is built. lamellae are separated by rings of osteocytes in their tiny lacunae, linked together through canaliculi

30
Q

central canal / haversian canal

A

runs lengthwise in the bone and carries nerves and blood vessels . encircled by lamellae

31
Q

osteon

A

a cylindrical column of bone the consists of the central canal and the bone surrounding it.
the compact bone tissue of long bones is composed of osteons arranged in parallel bundles aligned with the long axis of the bone.

32
Q

trabeculae

A

bony lattices of the bone lined with osteoblasts and osteocytes

33
Q

ossification

A

the formation of bone

34
Q

endochondral ossification

A

initial formation of bones in the embryo and fetus. when a cartilage model is initially formed and the replaced by bone

35
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

flatter bones ( such as the jaw) are formed from fibrous tissue membranes. A fibrous membrane is used as a base on which temporary bone is formed.

36
Q

primary ossification centre

A

in the middle of the cartilage model where the synthesis of bine begins

37
Q

endochondral ossification Step 1

A

cartilage cells prepare a cartilage model. cartilage is more amenable to remodelling and growth than bone

38
Q

endochondral ossification step 2

A

blood vessels invade the model, bringing nutrients. osteoblasts form a collar of trabecular bone that stabilises the model

39
Q

endochondral ossification step 4

A

blood vessels, osetoblasts, and osteoclasts invade the primary ossification centre, osteoclasts degrade the calcified cartilage and osetoblasts deposit new trabecular bone tissue. The medullary cavity is created and bone marrow appears. the bony collar thickens to become the periosteum.

40
Q

endochonral ossification step 3

A

the cells in the centre of the model enlarge and stimulate the deopostition of calcium salts in the nearby matrix

41
Q

endochondral ossification step 5

A

next, more blood vessels invade the primary ossification centre. osteoblasts continue their constructive destruction by breaking down some of the new trabecular bone to expand the medullary cavity. osteoclasts and osetoblasts continue to remodel by replacing much of the remaining trabecular bone with compact bone.

42
Q

endochondral ossification step 6

A

secondary ossification centres appear. in a long bone, these are at each end of the bone

43
Q

endochonral ossification step 7

A

articular cartilage is formed at the ends of bones that will form joints with other bones. the primary and secondary ossification centres remain separated by cartilage until adulthood. the cartilage remnant is the only site where bone growth occurs and is called the growth plate

44
Q

growth plate/ physis or epiphyseal plate

A

the cartilage remnant where longitudinal long bone growth still occurs

45
Q

longitudinal bone growth

A

cartilage cells continue to add extra cartilage to the side of the growth plate closer to the end of the bone, adding to the overall bone length. on the diaphyseal side of the growth plate osetoblasts replace the new cartilage with bone

46
Q

when bone growth stops

A

osteoblasts replace cartilage cells when stimulated by the hormones of puberty. when all of the cartilage of the growth plate is replaced with bone then growth stops. all that remains of the growth plate is the epiphyseal line- a thin layer of dense bone running across the trabecular bone of the epiphyses.

47
Q

appostitional growth of long bones

A

bones widen by appostitional growth. all along the length of the bone osteoblasts add layers of new compact bone. at a slower rate, osteoclasts dissolve and recycle bone minerals to expand the meduallry cavity, making room for bone marrow.the net effects is that the bone grows wider, the meduallry cavity grows larger and the cortex (the outer layer of compact bone) becomes somewhat thicker.

48
Q

bone remodeling

A

essential for bones to maintain flexibilty and strength. the normal destruction of bones as they are dissolved(resorbed) and remade just a tiny bit every day.

49
Q

mechanical stress

A

bones remold themselves according to the mechanical stresses or forces placed upon them. active animals have increases osteoblast activity and accordingly increased bone strength

50
Q

hormones and nutrients in bone remodeling

A

nutrient intake and hormones influence bone remodeling

51
Q

calcium

A

calcium is an essential part of bone. it cannot be synthesized by the body , so it must be consumed in the diet and absorbed into the blood fro the intestines

52
Q

Vitamin D

A

can be consumed by the diet, but is also synthesized by the skin. the precursor of Vitmain d is found in skin cells

53
Q
A
54
Q

cholecalciferol

A

when exposed to ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight the precursor is converted in cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)

55
Q

Calcitriol

A

the active form of Vitamin D formed when Cholecalciferol enters the bloodstream and is modified by the liver and kidneys

56
Q

Vitamin D

A

acts mainly on the intestines, wher eit promote absorption of calcium ions, and on the kidenys, where it prevents loss of calcium ions in the urine. the net effect of vitamin D on bone is to increase bone deposition and bone mass

57
Q

homeostasis

A

automatic process that the body uses to maintain stable conditions

58
Q

functions of Ca2+

A

provides structural strength to bone, strengthens the enamel in teeth, it is important in blood clotting, it helps skeletal muscles contract, it acts as a a cellular messenger

59
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

secreted by parathyroid glands. the most important minute-to-minute regulator of blood Ca2+

60
Q

parathyroid glands

A

tiny glands attached to or closely associated with the thyroid glands in the neck region

61
Q

PTH action

A

the net effect is to increase blood Ca2+ concentration. the opposite is also true. that is, if blood CA2+ rises above its set point, the parathyroid glands secrete less PTH and blood Ca2+ settles back to its set point

62
Q

PTH acts at 3 different sites to increase blood Ca2+ concentrations

A
  1. PTH stimulates bone breakdown by increasing osteoclast activity
  2. PTH stimulates vitamin D activation by the kidneys. In turn, vitamin D increases intestinal Ca2+ absorption
  3. PTH increases Ca2+ retention by the kidney, reducing the amount of Ca2+ normally lost in urine
63
Q
A

Anatomy (11 decks)

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