Bones and Bone Tissue Flashcards
Connective Tissue
Connective tissues are those that aren’t muscle, nerve, or epithelium. They usually consist of a small number of cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.
extracellular matrix
consists of ground substance and protein fibres such as collagen and elastin
Functions of bones and bone tissue
Protection, stability, mineral storage, blood cell production, lipid storage, controlled movement
outer Compact Bone
dense, with a smooth appearance. Means compact bone is able to resist compression and twisting forces.
inner Trabecular Bone
(also referred to as spongy or cancellous bone)
has many open spaces that give it the appearance of a sponge. The spongey framework allows this part of the bone to resist forces in many directions and the spaces reduce weight.
Long Bones
limb bones, longer than they are wide. consist of a long central shaft with a bulge at either end that forms a joint with another bone
Flat bones
bones of the skull
short bones
carpus bones
irregular bones
vertebrae (bones of the spinal column)
Pneumatic bones
bones that contain air-filled spaces. ex: the frontal bone of the skull
Sesamoid bones
small bones that are situated within a tendon. Ex: the patella
Diaphysis
the shaft of the long bone
Epiphysis
Each end of the long bone
Metaphysis
the region connecting the diaphysis and the epiphyses
Periosteum
a tough, fibrous membrane that covers much of the long bone. Underneath the periosteum lies a thick layer of compact bone surrounding a latticework of trabecular bone
Articular cartilage
covers the ends of long bones where they join with another bone to form joints. provides a layer lubricated, cushioning tissue to ensure smooth joint movement
cartilage
a firm, flexible tissue made up of chondrocytes, varying amounts of collagen and elastin fibres, and a rubbery ground substance. it is designed to yield to force and return to its shape. a specialised type of connective tissue
Red Marrow
the spaces in the trabecular bone that synthesizes red blood cells
inner Medullary cavity
much of the trabecular bone is removed from diaphysis
yellow marrow
primarily fat that fills the medullary cavity in adult animals
endosteum
a layer of bine-forming and connective tissue cells lining the medullary cavity
Extracellular matrix of bone
consists mostly of calcium salts and a large amount of phosphorus. these both exist as a part of a large mineral called hydroxyapatite crystals that give bone its strength and ability to resist compression.
Osteiod
a special type of bone collagen that makes up the organic part of the extracellular matrix in bone
osteoblasts
bone building cells that produce osteoid and weave the fibres into a frame work. new bone is created by adding hydroxyapatite and other crystals to the osteoid frame
Osteoclasts
cells that break down bone. this process releases the calcium, phosphorus, and other components of the bone into the blood stream for recycling. concentrated mainly around the edges of the trabecular bone, osteoclasts work together with osteoblasts in a continual process of bone destruction and reconstruction that dissolves (resorbs), renews, remodels, and repairs bone.