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Forensics > Head Injuries > Flashcards

Head Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of blunt force wounds

A

abrasions (falling off skateboard, superficial)
Contusions (bruises)
Lacerations

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2
Q

What are the classification of sharp force wounds?

A

Incised wounds

Stab wounds

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3
Q

What are abrasions?

A

Blunt force
Generally no blood loss
Superficial

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4
Q

What are contusions?

A

Bruises
Different colours due to the release of haemoglobin from red blood cells- the degradation of haemoglobin at different phases gives different colours
Blunt force

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5
Q

What are lacerations?

A

Blunt force over the bone

Jagged edges

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6
Q

What are incised wounds?

A

Falling/stepping on glass
Tend to be longer than deeper
Can tell direction of cut, starting point- usually deeper at entry point

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7
Q

What are stab wounds?

A

More deep than they are wide
Narrow
Can puncture lungs if in the intercostal spaces

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8
Q

What is the scull composed of?

A

The cranium (at the top) (neurocranium- protects the brain)
And
The bones of the face- the viscerocranium (forms the face skeleton)

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9
Q

Is the mandible considered part of the skull?

A

No, the jaw bone

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10
Q

What bones of the skull have air inside them?

A

Frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid

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11
Q

What is it called when bones have air in them?

A

Pneumatised

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12
Q

What are the benefits to having pneumatised bones?

A

They are lighter

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13
Q

What is the weakest part of the skull?

A

Where the frontal, sphenoid, parietal and temporal bones meet

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14
Q

What two types of head injuries are there?

A

Primary- direct cause, trauma
And
Secondary- problem somewhere else leads to it

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15
Q

What do primary head injuries consist of?

A 
Injury to the S.C.A.L.P
The skin, connective tissue and aponeurosis tend to tear off together
Surface contusions or lacerations
Intracranial haemorrhage
Diffuse axonal injury
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16
Q

What does S.C.A.L.P stand for?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
           (Blood vessels here)
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum
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17
Q

What are examples of secondary head injuries?

A

Meningitis- caused by bacteria
Ischaemia- reduction of blood supply
Increased Intra-cranial pressure
Oedema

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18
Q

What are the five types of skull fractures?

A 
Linear
Hinge
Comminuted
Ring
Distant
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19
Q

What are linear skull fractures?

A

In a straight line

20
Q

What are hinge skull fractures?

A

Tend to be back of the skull

One part of skull moves relative to another part

21
Q

What are comminuted skull fractures?

A

Less common

Lots of different pieces

22
Q

What are ring skull fractures?

A

There is a ring all the way round the skull

The most serious type of fracture

23
Q

What are distant skull fractures?

A

There has been impact at one point and damage somewhere else

24
Q

What are sutures?

A

They hold different bones in the head together
Allow bones to move over eachother
Still present in children

25
Q

What does NAI stand for?

A

Non accidental injury

26
Q

What scans are best for bone injuries?

A

CT scans

27
Q

What scans are best for soft tissue injury?

A

MRI scans

28
Q

What are basal skull fractures?

A

Occur at high impact, generally occipital or temporal trains
CSF rhinorrhoea- the fluid leaks through the nose

Panda/raccoon eyes

Bottom of the skull

29
Q

What is a cerebral contusion?

A

High impact force inside the brain
Pia stripped from brain so motion of brain within skull
Hit with bat at coup (contact site) brain gets forced back without skull to contrecoup (opposite point of impact)
Primary and secondary impact

(Picture egg in water box)

30
Q

What is the pia?

A

The lining around the brain

31
Q

Give an example of when a cerebral contusion may occur

A

Being hit by a bat
Or in a car accident

High impact forcing brain to back of skull

32
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The dura mater- most superficial
The arachnoid mater- in the middle
The pia matter- in direct contact with brain, goes into dips of brain matter

33
Q

What are the types of intracranial haemorrhage?

A

Extradural haemorrhage
Subdural haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
(Intracerebral haemorrhage)

34
Q

What happens in an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding above dura but under the surface of the skull

Usually middle meningeal artery

35
Q

What happens in a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding above arachnoid but below the dura matter

Tearing of the superior cerebral vein

36
Q

Who is most susceptible to subdural haemorrhages?

A

The elderly and alcoholics

Due to cerebral atrophy- shrinking of the brain

37
Q

What happens in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Occurs in natural disease or injury
Arterial venous (AV) malformation or rupture of berry aneurism
Can be associated with cranial fractures

38
Q

What does DAI stand for

A

Diffuse axonal injury

39
Q

What is DAI?

A

Brain injury without obvious lesion
Can be unconscious straight away
Microscopic diagnosis so can’t diagnose clinically until death

Tearing of bit between grey and white matter?

40
Q

What is the GCS?

A 
The glasgow coma scale
Marked out of 15
4- can open eyes
5- verbal response
6- motor response
41
Q

What is the weakest point of the skull?

A

Pterion

42
Q

What are the zygomatic bones for?

A

To protect eyes from injury

Impact crash barrier

43
Q

What are the facial features?

A 
Eyes
Nose
Maxilla (upper teeth)
Mandible
Teeth
44
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

Tearing of the first three layers of the head

The skin, connective tissue and the aponeurosis?

45
Q

What is battles sign?

A

Mastoid process, bleeding causes bruising

46
Q

What causes panda eyes?

A

Blood leaking out of the brain

47
Q

What are the effects of basal skull fracture?

A

CSF rhinorrhea
Battles sign
Panda eyes

Forensics (11 decks)

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