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Anatomy II > Head Full Of Blood > Flashcards

Head Full Of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Connective tissue covering that encloses and protects the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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3
Q

Which meninge creates the dural folds and venous sinus system of the brain?

A

Dura mater

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4
Q

Which is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

Arachnoid mater

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5
Q

Where does CSF flow?

A

Under the arachnoid mater, in the subarachnoid space

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6
Q

What forms the arachnoid villi?

A

Arachnoid mater

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7
Q

What is the arachnoid villi responsible for?

A

Reabsorbing CSF and returning it to the blood stream.

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8
Q

Which layer is adherent to the brain and spinal cord?

A

Pia mater

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9
Q

Which layer is impermeable to fluid?

A

Pia mater

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10
Q

Where is the falx cerebri located?

A

In the longitudinal fissure

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11
Q

What are the names of the dural folds?

A

Falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli, sellar diaphragm

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12
Q

Where is the tentorium cerebelli located?

A

Separates the cerebellum from the occipital lobe

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13
Q

Where is the falx cerebelli located?

A

Separates the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

Where is the sellar diaphragm?

A

Covers the pituitary in its fossa

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15
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Specialized structures of the pia mater.

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16
Q

What do the denticulate ligaments do?

A

Attach to the dura mater. Thought to stabilize the motion of the spinal cord.

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17
Q

Where is the filum terminali?

A

Extends from the lowest tip of the spinal cord. Continuous with the pia mater.

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18
Q

What is the function of the filum terminali?

A

Anchors the spinal cord at the level of the sacrum and coccyx.

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19
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Area for lumbar punctures, insert needle below L3

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20
Q

How is CSF propelled cranially?

A

By brain movements and pulsations of surface arteries.

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21
Q

What structure keeps the brain in place?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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22
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Intracerebral spaces that CSF move through.

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23
Q

What are the ventricles lined with?

A

Ependymal cells

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24
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Epithelial-like neuron list cells that can create and transport CSF and create the blood-CSF barrier.

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25
Q

Which cells are responsible for creating CSF?

A

Ependymal cells in the lining of the ventricles.

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26
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles?

A

Spaces curve from the medial part of the hemispheres around into the temporal lobes.

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27
Q

How does CSF flow from the lateral ventricle into third ventricle?

A

Via interventricular foramen (of Monro)

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28
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

Lies between halves of thalamus and hypothalamus

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29
Q

How does CSF flow from the third to the fourth ventricle?

A

Via the cerebral aqueduct

30
Q

What structure does the cerebral aqueduct pass through?

A

The midbrain

31
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

Between the medulla and cerebellum.

32
Q

Where does CSF flow after the fourth ventricle?

A

Down into the spinal canal or into the subarachnoid space.

33
Q

What does CSF pass through to get to the subarachnoid space?

A

Foramina of Luschka and Magendie

34
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

35
Q

How is CSF reabsorbed in the superior sagittal sinus?

A

By the arachnoid granulations.

36
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Modifies ependymal cells that surround capillaries

37
Q

How does the choroid plexus generate CSF?

A

By filtering blood from capillaries that run through it.

38
Q

What is the blood-CSF barrier?

A

Tight junctions between choroidal epithelial cells that prevent passage of large molecules.

39
Q

What is the brain-CSF barrier?

A

Minimal restriction between ventricles and brain interstitium

40
Q

Where does the common carotid artery originate?

A

Branches from the brachiocephalic artery

41
Q

Where does the internal carotid split from the external carotid?

A

At the carotid sinus.

42
Q

What does the internal carotid artery spit into?

A

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries

43
Q

Where does the vertebral artery ascend from?

A

Subclavian artery

44
Q

What does the vertebral artery pass through?

A

Transverse foramina of C1-C6

45
Q

What are the basivertebral branches?

A

Anterior/posterior spinal arteries, posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), superior cerebellar artery, pontine arteries, labyrinthins artery

46
Q

What are symptoms of occlusion of an anterior/posterior spinal artery?

A

Loss of spinal cord function at the level of occlusion

47
Q

What are symptoms of occlusion of a posterior inferior cerebellar artery?

A

Wallenberg Syndrome. Loss of pain and temp. sensation on contra lateral side of the body and ipsilatetal side of the face

48
Q

What are symptoms of occlusion of an anterior inferior cerebellar artery?

A

Lateral Pontine syndrome. Sudden onset of vomiting, vertigo. Ipsilatetal loss of sensation to face and facial paralysis

49
Q

What are symptoms of occlusion of a superior cerebellar artery?

A

Ipsilateral limb dysmetria, contra lateral loss of sensation

50
Q

What are symptoms of occlusion of a pontine artery?

A

Contralateral paralysis and loss of sensation. Often results in death. Several outcomes possible depending on size of infart

51
Q

What are symptoms of occlusion of a labyrinthin artery?

A

Ipsilateral hearing loss and vertigo

52
Q

Where is the anterior communicating artery?

A

Between the anterior cerebral arteries

53
Q

Where is the posterior communicating artery?

A

Connects the middle to posterior cerebral arteries

54
Q

Where is the middle cerebral artery?

A

Along the lateral fissure and lateral surface of the cerebral cortex

55
Q

Where is the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Along the medial surface of cerebral cortex, including the cingulate gyrus

56
Q

What are the symptoms of an occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Paralysis and sensory loss in contralateral leg and foot. Abulia

57
Q

Where is the posterior cerebral artery?

A

Projects to the occipital and temporal lobes.

58
Q

What are the symptoms of an occlusion of a posterior cerebral artery?

A

Visual field defects, face blindness (prosopagnosia), contralateral deficits of the facial, vagus, and hypoglossal nerve and ipsilateral deficits of the oculomotor nerve.

59
Q

Where do cerebral veins drain venous blood?

A

Into the dural sinuses

60
Q

What are dural sinuses?

A

Venous compartments within the dura mater.

61
Q

What are the spinal veins?

A

Valveless veins around the dura.

62
Q

What does the basivertebral vein do?

A

Drains the vertebral body

63
Q

What are emissary veins?

A

During hypothermia, cooler blood from the surface travels internally through the emissary veins to cool the brain.

64
Q

What does the blood brain barrier consist of?

A

Endothelium, pericytes, atrocyte feet, and basal lamina

65
Q

What are the BBB tight junctions maintain by?

A

Astrocyte feet

66
Q

Where is there no BBB?

A

Hypothalamus, area postrema, other peri ventricular regions

67
Q

Why is there no BBB in the hypothalamus?

A

So hormones can contact hypothalamic cell receptors

68
Q

Why is there no BBB in the area postrema?

A

Digested poisons stimulate area postrema’s pathway to vomiting center

69
Q

What is the BBB permeable to?

A

Water and small molecules

70
Q

What is different about the Brain-CSF barrier?

A

Free movement between brain interstitium and ventricles through ependymal cells.

Anatomy II (5 decks)

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