head: cranium, scalp, face Flashcards
what are the “floor” and “roof” of the cranium called?
floor: base
roof: calvarium
what are the 8 bones that make up the neurocranium? which two are paired?
Frontal Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital Ethmoid (superior portion) Sphenoid
Neurocranium-encloses what 5 things?
brain cranial meninges proximal cranial nerves inner ear brain vasculature
viscerocranium- encloses what 3 things?
encloses mouth, nose/nasal cavity, & most of orbits
the cranium is divided into what two groups?
neurocranium + viscerocranium
above + below eye-level
what are the 15 bones that make up the viscero-cranium? which are paired?
Nasal (2) Lacrimal (2) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Palatine (2) Maxillary (2) Zygomatic (2) Ethmoid (inferior portion) Vomer Mandible
two parts of the frontal bone
- squamous (vertical) portion
2. orbital (horizontal) portion
squamous (vertical) frontal bone: two parts
- Nasion-intersection of frontal & nasal bones
2. Supra-orbital foramen: Supra-orbital artery & nerve
orbital (horizontal) frontal bone: makes up what two “architectural” structures ?
Roof of orbit
floor of anterior cranial fossa
what 2 parts of the cranium do the zygomatic bones make up? what is the hole do they have?
Anterolateral wall & floor of orbit
Zygomaticofacial foramen
what 4 structures make up the piriformis aperature (nose hole) ?
Nasal opening
Nasal & maxillary bones
Nasal septum
Nasal conchae (3)
what two bones form the nasal septum?
ethmoid + vomer
how many nasal conchae are there? which way do they project?
3 - (per side)- project medially.
Superior- ethmoid
middle-ethmoid
Inferior
which two nasal conchae are projections of the ethmoid bone?
superior and middle
maxillary bone: ______ _______ bear maxillary teeth
Alveolar processes bear maxillary teeth
the maxillary bone froms what two “architechtural” structures? what is the hole in it?
Anteromedial wall & floor of orbit
- infraorbital foramen
what structures pass through the infra-orbital foramen?
infra-orbital artery and nerve
3 parts of the FRONTAL mandible bone
- Alveolar process bears mandibular teeth
- Horizontal body
- vertical ramus
what is the hole in the mandible bone? what structures pass through here?
mental foramen - mental artery and nerve
anterior cranium includes what bones?
- frontal bone
- zygomatic bones
- piriform aperature
- maxillary bones
- mandible
lateral cranium includes what bones? (9)
- temporal fossa + infratemporal fossa
- zygomatic arch
- pterion
- pterygopalatine fossa
- external acoustic meatus
- mastoid + styloid processes
- mandible
what 5 bones make up the temporal fossa?
Frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, temporal, parietal bones
between superior + inferior temporal lines
what are the two processes of the zygomatic arch?
- Temporal process of zygomatic bone
2. Zygomatic process of temporal bone
what 4 bones make up the pterion?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones
what part of the lateral cranium is known as the “weak spot”?
pterion
the pterion “weak spot” is known in association with which artery?
Anterior division of middle meningeal artery
compare the mastoid vs styloid process in appearance
Mastoid process-blunt, superficial
Styloid process-deep, sharp
infratemporal fossa is located where?
Deep to zygomatic arch & ramus of mandible
* Many contents
pterygopalatine fossa is located where? what is its function?
Medial to infratemporal fossa
Distribution center
the LATERAL mandible has what three structures?
Condyle process
coronoid process
Notch
what is the large vertical part of the occipital bone called?
Squamous
what is the external occipital protuberance called?
inion
the inion (external occipital protuberance) has what two sets of lines?
Superior nuchal lines extend laterally
External occipital crest extends inferiorly
(form a “T” together)
(*inferior nuchal line below forms a “I”)
what is “lambda”?
posterior cranium feature-junction of sagittal & lambdoid sutures
what three sutures are in the superior cranium?
Coronal, sagittal, & lambdoid sutures
what is “bregma”?
junction of coronal & sagittal sutures
what is the “vertex” of the superior cranium?
most superior portion of calvarium
what is included in the EXTERNAL cranial base? (6)
- hard palate
- choanae
- sphenoid bone
- squamous portion of temporal bone
- petrous portion of temporal bone
- occipital bone
what bones make up the hard palate?
Palatine processes of maxillary bones
Palatine bones
what foramen are in the hard palate? what structures pass through them?
Incisive foramen: Nasopalatine nerves
Greater/lesser palatine foramina: Greater/lesser palatine arteries/nerves
what is the Choanae?
Openings of nasal cavity into nasopharynx
Separated by vomer
what makes up the sphenoid bone (of external base)?
Inferior surface of greater wings
Lateral & medial pterygoid plates
on what bone is the Groove for pharyngotympanic (Eustachian) tube?
on the sphenoid bone
what two features are on the squamous portion of the temporal bone?
Mandibular fossa-(groove for mandibular condyles)
what 4 features are on the petrous portion of the temporal bone?
Carotid canal
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Stylomastoid foramen
what goes through the carotid canal?
internal carotid
what goes through the stylomastoid foramen?
CN VII + stylomastoid artery
what are the 3 features of the occipital bone (external base) ?
- occipital condyles
- foramen magnum
- jugular foramen
what 4 things pass through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord, meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI
what structures pass through the jugular foramen?
Internal jugular
CN IX-XI
what three fossas make up the internal cranial base? which is the largest?
anterior, middle, posterior
-posterior is largest
what 3 bones is the anterior cranial fossa composed of?
Frontal, ethmoid, & lesser wing of sphenoid
- and crista galli
what is the crista galli ?
superior projection of ethmoid (center of anterior cranial fossa, over cribiform plate)
- Anterior attachment for falx cerebri (dural fold)
- Cribriform plates transmit CN I
cribiform plates transmit what cranial nerve (near the crista galli)?
CN 1
what is the anterior attachment for falx cerebri (dural fold)?
crista galli (on the anterior cranial fossa)
what is the fxn of the anterior cranial fossa?
supports frontal lobes
what bones make up the middle cranial fossa?
Body & greater wings of sphenoid, temporal bones
what is the fxn of the middle cranial fossa?
Supports temporal lobes & diencephalon
what is the middle cranial fossa divided into?
lateral and central portions
what is in the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa? how many structures run through each of these?
superior orbital fissure- 4
foramen rotundum -1
foramen ovale -1
foramen spinosum -2
what is the “crescent of foramina” ?
another name for lateral portion of middle cranial fossa
the lateral portion of the middle cranial fossa has __ fissure(s) and __ foramen(s)
1- fissure
3 -foramen
what structures run through each part of the lateral portion (mid cranial fossa) ? {sup. orbital fissure}
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) CN III, IV, & VI to orbit
what structures run the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary nerve (CN V2) to pterygopalatine fossa
what structures run through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular nerve (CN V3) to infratemporal fossa
what structures run through the foramen spinosum ?
Middle meningeal artery
meningeal nerve from infratemporal fossa
what is the “sella turcica”?
central portion of the middle cranial fossa
what is included in the sella turcica (central portion of mid cranial fossa)?
- optical canals
- clinoid processes
- tuberculum sellae (between anterior clinoids)
- dorsum sellae (between posterior clinoids)
- carotid grooves laterally
what does doc describe as the “bed” and the “bedframe”
bed- hypophysial fossa
bedframe- sella turcica (central portion of mid cranial fossa)
what structures pass through the optical canals?
CN 2 + retinal artery to orbit
what make up the “bedposts” ?
Clinoid processes (anterior/posterior)
what makes up the “headboard” ?
Tuberculum sellae between anterior clinoids
what makes up the “footboard” ?
Dorsum sellae between posterior clinoids
what make up the “sideboards”?
Carotid grooves laterally
where is the pituitary gland found?
near hypophaseal groove of sella turcica
Sella Turcica: _____ _________ & ______ ______ surround prechiasmatic sulcus
Limbus of sphenoid & tuberculum sellae surround prechiasmatic sulcus
what bones make up the posterior cranial fossa? what is it’s function?
Temporal & occipital bones
-Supports cerebellum, pons, & medulla oblongata
what are the four structural features of the posterior cranial fossa ?
- Clivus: Anterior sloping portion of occipital bone
- Internal occipital crest: Posterior attachment for falx cerebri (dural fold)
- Groove for transverse sinus
- groove for sigmoid sinuses
what are the 4 holes of the posterior cranial fossa?
- internal acoustic meatus
- jugular foramen
- hypoglossal canal
- foramen magnum
what runs through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN 7 + CN 8
what runs through the jugular foramen?
- Internal jugular vein
- CN 9-11
- and termination of sigmoid sinus)
where is the termination of the sigmoid sinus located?
jugular foramen
what runs through the hypoglossal canal
CN 12
what runs through the foramen magnum?
Spinal cord, meninges, vertebral arteries, CN XI
where does the scalp extend?
Superior orbital margin to superior nuchal line, zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch
what is the aponeurosis between the frontalis and occipitalis muscles called?
Aponeurosis (epicranial aponeurosis)-“galea aponeurotica”
what do the occipito frontalis and tempororparietalis muscles do? what are they innervated by?
Occiptofrontalis-pulls scalp anteriorly/posteriorly, wrinkles forehead
Temporoparietalis-pulls scalp laterally, elevates auricle Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
all muscles of facial expression lie in what plain? what are they all innervated by?
Lie in superficial fascia (subcutaneous layer)
All innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)
what do the orbicularis oculi two portions do?
outer (orbital portion)-closes eyelids tightly
inner (palpebral portion)-closes eyelids gently
*(pull lateral to medial)
what is the “sphincter of the mouth” ?
Orbicularis oris
where is the buccinator muscle? what does it do?
Deeper plane than orbicularis oris
A: Cheeks taut during mastication/blow/suck
