Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POC 27 Module 6 > Head and Spine Trauma > Flashcards

Head and Spine Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of Scalp

A 
Hair and skin
Sub Q tissue
Galea Aponeurotica: tendon expansion 
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum: covers surface of bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

Function in hearing. Located three on each side of the head deep within the cavities of the temporal bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cranial Vault

A

Eight bones that encase and protect the brain:

Parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Formane Magnum

A

Brain connects to the spinal cord through a large opening at the base of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sutures

A

How the skull bones are connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft in infants and link the sutures together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mastoid Process

A

Base of each temporal bone and is cone shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crista Galli

A

Prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa and is point of attachment for meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ciribriform Plate

A

Surrounds Crista Galli with numerous openings allowing the passage of olfactory Nerve filaments from nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Olfactory Nerves

A

Cranial Nerves for smell, send projections through the foramina in the ciribriform plate and into nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Zygomatic Arch

A

Bone that extends along the front of the skull below the orbit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Brain

A

Occupies 80% of cranial vault and contains billions of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Major regions

A

Cerebellum, diencephelon, brainstem, and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Brain cont

A

See neurological emergencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary motor actions and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somatic or voluntary sensory and motor functions, memory and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Occipital

A

Optic Nerve originates, responsible for visual information.

Injury to the back of the head mya see stars because the optic Nerve banged against the back of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Speech center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Limbic System

A

Influences motivation, emotions, motivation, mood, and sensations of pain and pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Meninges

A

Protective layer that surround and enfold the entire CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outside Strong, fibrous layer wrapping brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arachnoid

A

Second layer, delicate transparent membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pai Mater

A

Third Layer, translucent highly vascular membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CSF

A

Manufactured in the ventricles of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

CSF flows in this space. Located between the pia and arachnoid matters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

CSF Manufactured

A

Manufactured by cells within the choroid plexus in the ventricles, hollow storage areas in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Vertebral Body

A

Anterior weight bearing structure is made of bone that provides support and stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Components of Vertebrae

A

Spinous Process, Pericles, lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pedicle

A

Inside of spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lamina

A

Groove of branch of spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Facial and Trigeminal Nerve

A

Control facial feeling and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MOI suggest Spinal Injury

A

Greater than 40mph crash
Unrestrained occupant
12 inch intrusion to vehicle
Fall from three times height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Coup contra coup

A

Brain hits front of head then hits back of the head after stopping forces applied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

A

At least 60mmHg to perfuse the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Hypertensive Head Injury

A

Do not give fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hypotension head injury

A

20ml/kg to sustain a BP of at least 110-120 with a TBI and a GCS less than 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Lower Cervical or Upper Thoracic Injury

A

Could leave patient breathing with accessory muscles and cause intercostal paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

C3-C5 injury

A

Innervated by the phrenic Nerve and may stop breathing or result to abdominal breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Contraindications to NPA

A

Basillar skull fractures or facial trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Consider RSI if…

A

Patient is awake with an impaired airway or has a detoriorating GCS < 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

RSI with ICP

A 
Preoxygenate
Lidocaine bolus (temporarily decreases ICP) 1-1.5mg/kg bolus
2 man intubate stabilized head
43
Q

ICP patient breathing adequately

A

Give 100% oxygen via NRB

44
Q

ICP Grades

A

Mild: pupils reactive, increased BP, Cheyenne stokes resp, headache, vomiting
Moderate: widened pulse pressure, pupils sluggish, bradycardia, kussmaul resp, decelerate Posturing
Severe: irregular bradycardia pulse, widened BP, biot respirations, blown pupils unilaterally

45
Q

Blown Pupils

A

Pressure present around eyes

46
Q

Myotomes

A 
Motor components of spinal Nerves in rebate discrete tissues and muscles of the body
C3-C5 diaphragm
C5 elbow flexor biceps, brachioradialis
C6 wrist extensions
C7 triceps 
C8 finger flexor
T2-T7 intercostal
L2 hip flexor
L3 knee extension
L4 ankle extension
L5 big toes extension
S1 plantar flexor
S4-5 anus, Bowel, bladder
47
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Hen toes move upward in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. Normal circumstances, toes move downward

48
Q

Linear Skull Fracture

A

80% of all fractures

  • usually in temporal and parietal region
  • risk of infection with laceration and fracture
49
Q

Depressed Skull Fracture

A

High energy direct trauma to smalls surface area of head

  • frontal and parietal most succeptible
  • bony fragments may displace, causing more injury
50
Q

Basilar Skull Fracture

A

CSF drainage, raccoon eyes, and battle signs

May show up 24 hours after injury

51
Q

Open Skull Fracture

A

Tissue may be exposed

52
Q

TBI

A

Traumatic Brain Injury
-classified into primary and secondary
Primary: injury instantaneously from Impact
Secondary: after injuries such as edema, ICP, cerebral ischemia

53
Q

ICP

A

Blood or CSF, Edema accumulating inside cranial vault
Normal ICP Ranges : 0-15mmHg
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure=MAP-ICP

54
Q

Critical Minimum Threshold

A

Minimum CPP to adequately perfuse brain is 60mmHg in adults

Less will lead to cerebral ischemia

55
Q

Autoregulation

A

When body responds to a decrease in CPP by increasing the MAP, resulting in cerebral dialate on and increased cerebral blood flow.

56
Q

Herniation

A

Brain is forced through the foramen magnum or the tentorium

57
Q

Uncal Herniation

A

When temporal lobe is displaced resulting in compression of cranial Nerve 3, the midbrain, and posterior cerebral artery (decelerate)

58
Q

Tonsillar Herniation

A

When cerebellum is displaced through foramen magnum

Decorticate

59
Q

Cushing Triad

A

Hypertension( widening pulse pressure )
Bradycardia
Irregular Respirations
and Blown Pupils

60
Q

Diffuse Brain Injury

A

Injury that affects entire brain

61
Q

Cerebral Concussion

A

When Brain is jarred around in cranial vault

62
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory of events before injury

63
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Loss of memory of events after injury

64
Q

Diffuse Axonal Injury DAI

A

Similar to concussion

  • involves stretching, shearing or tearing of nerve fibers with axonal damage
  • from high speed collision forces
65
Q

Focal Brain Injury

A

Observable brain injury on CT scan

66
Q

Cerebral Contusion

A

Brain tissue bruised or damaged in a local area

-commonly frontal lobe and caused just like concussion with coup counter coup injuries

67
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A

Accumulation of blood between skull and dura mater

  • from blow to head and produces linear fracture of thin temporal bone
  • brisk arterial bleeding common
  • LOC from injury, wakes up, then passes back out
68
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Accumulation of blood beneath dura matter but outsid of brain

  • associated with skull fracture
  • associated with venous bleeding, typically takes more time to develop Signs and symptoms
  • slurred speech and fluctuation of symptoms
69
Q

Intracerebral Hematoma

A

Bleeding within brain tissue

  • once symptoms present, patient declines quickly
  • high mortality rate
70
Q

Subarachnoid Hematoma

A

Subarachnoid space where CSF is bleeding occurs

  • common from aneurysm or atriovenous malformation
  • sudden severe headache
  • signs of ICP as it progresses
  • survival usually means permanent damage
71
Q

Subgaleal Hemorrhage

A

Bleeding between peritoneum of skull and galea aponeurosis

-body mass that is palpated And able to move around skull

72
Q

Thermal Management

A

Do not allow patient to be overheated

  • patients with head injury can develop high temperatures (hyperpyrexia)
  • do not cover with blankets if room temp is 70F
73
Q

Brain Tissue exposes

A

Cover moist sterile dressings

74
Q

Reduce ICP

A

Lasix, osmitrol

-seizures must be immediately controlled because they further increase ICP

75
Q

Scalp Lacerations

A

More serious in children and can cause hypovolemia

76
Q

SCI

A

Spinal Cord Injuries

Most devastation but only limited care prehospital

77
Q

FlexioN Injuries

A

Forward movement of neck

  • can involve C1-2
  • can result in anterior wedge fractures
  • injuries to ligaments around spinal column
78
Q

Partial Dislocation of spinal Coumn

A

Subluxation

79
Q

Rotation with Flexion

A

Can produce stable dislocation of spine

-typically cause Fracture rather than dislocation

80
Q

Vertical Compression

A

Forces transmitted up spine through feet or head vertically comprssing the spine
-can cause Herniation of disks

81
Q

Hyperextension

A

Fractures of ligamentous injuries
-hangmans fracture: C2 results from hyperextension from rapid deceleration
-

82
Q

Primary SCI

A

Injury at moment of impact

83
Q

Spinal Cord Concussion

A

Temporary dysfunction that lasts 24-48 hours

84
Q

Secondary SCI

A

edema, blood resulting after injury cause injury

85
Q

Complete SCI

A

Complete disruption of spinal cord with permananet loss of all cord mediated functions beneath injury
-high thoracic injury results in paraplegia

86
Q

Incomplete SCI

A

Retains some Cord mediated function

87
Q

Anterior Cord Syndrome

A

Displacement of bony fragments into anterior portion of spinal cord due to flexion injuries or fractures

  • disruption in flow in anterior spinal artery
  • paralysis below injury with loss of sensation to touch, temperature and pain
88
Q

Central Cord Syndrome

A

Hyperextension injuries to cervical area present with edema or blood to cervical areas

  • risk with cervical spondylosis and arthritic changes in elderly
  • motor and efferent fibers disturbed
  • loss in upper extremities than lower
  • many have good outcomes
89
Q

Posterior Cord Syndrome

A

Extension injuries

-dorsal columns effected presenting as decreased sensation to light touch, proprioception, and vibration

90
Q

Cauda Equina Syndrome

A

Compression of bundle of Nerve roots that resembles horses tail at the end of the spinal column
-lower back pain, paresthesia, acute bladder or Bowel dysfunction

91
Q

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A

Penetrating trauma and depicts functional hemisection of the cord and complete damage to all spinal tracts on involved side

92
Q

Spinal shock

A

Refers to temporary local neurogenic condition that occurs immediately after spinal trauma
Swelling of the cord

93
Q

Neurogenic Shock

A

Temporary loss of autonomic function

  • hypotension, blood pools, decreased cardiac output
  • warm skin, Hypotensive, bradycardia
94
Q

C Spine

A

Hold head and jaw with fingers

95
Q

Unnatural Head Position

A

If head is crooked and presents with pain or abnormality, splint and do not move or attempt to realign

96
Q

Supine

A

Decrease chances of cord hypoxia

97
Q

KED

A

Hold c spine, secure torso and hips then head last with void padding

98
Q

Rapid Extrication

A

Hold c spine and operate in one full motion as best as possible quickly

99
Q

Stnding

A

Hold c spine with collar and lower to the ground in neutral position

100
Q

Helmets removal

A

Remove if chin strap and helmet fail to hold head properly
Prevents immobilization for transport
Can not be removed after attempts
Prevent adequate airway control

101
Q

Water Board

A

Completely board and strap patient in water before moving to land

102
Q

Strain

A

Tear

103
Q

Sprain

A

Pulled muscle

POC 27 Module 6 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions