Head and neck (vasculature)

Question 1

What artery supplies the anterior circulation?

Answer 1

internal carotid artery

Question 2

what artery supplies the posterior circulation?

Answer 2

vertebral artery

Question 3

What brings blood from the cortex into the superior sagittal sinus?

Answer 3

bridging veins

Question 4

where does CSF drain into and through what?

Answer 4

Drains to the superior sagittal sinus
Through arachnoid granulations
They have microscopic one-way gates that allow CSF to pass into blood but not reverse

Question 5

Where do the deeper nervous structures drain into?

Answer 5

inferior sagittal sinus and/or basilar vein

Question 6

What vein joins the basilar vein and inferior sagittal sinus?

Answer 6

Great cerebral vein

Question 7

Blood from the straight sinus joins what sinus and flows to where?

Answer 7

superior sagittal sinus
confluence of sinuses

Question 8

the superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus join where?

Answer 8

the confluence of sinuses

Question 9

Describe the drainage pattern within the dura intact

Answer 9

Starting from the confluence
1) drains to left and right transverse sinuses
2) sigmoid sinuses
3) internal jugular veins, exiting the skull

Question 10

What is the cavernous sinus and what does it contribute to?

Answer 10

-venous sinus in middle cranial fossa draining through: superior petrosal sinus and inferior petrosal sinus
-contributes to internal jugular drainage

Question 11

What could happen if you get an infection in the right cavernous sinus?

Answer 11

It could affect many nerves
(oculomotor, trochlear, abducent, ophthalmic, maxillary)

Question 12

What is the main blood vessel that contributes to most skull traumas?

Answer 12

middle meningeal artery near the pterion

Question 13

What is the difference between epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hematomas?

Answer 13

epidermal:
-bleeding between the skull and dura mater
-does not surpass the sutures of skull
-lots of pressure = fast
-“lense” shaped

subdural:
-bleeding between dura and arachnoid
-not impeded by sutures
-not a lot of pressure = slow
-“sickle” shaped

subarachnoid:
-rupture of cerebral arteries
-frequently by burst aneurysms
-into subarachnoid space
-not confined in one area
-lots of pressure = can cause direct damage in the area

Question 14

what is a cerebral hemorrhage?

Answer 14

rupture of vessels inside the brain
can cause a blockage of vessels (stroke)

Question 15

What parts of the body could the posterior paracentral gyrus affect?

Answer 15

Foot, leg, hip, abdomen, chest

Question 16

What parts of the body could the postcentral gyrus affect?

Answer 16

arm, hand, digits, face, mouth throat

Question 17

What is it called when you have the inability to understand speech/language, but able to speak intelligibly

Answer 17

Receptive aphasia
damage to Wernicke’s area

Question 18

What is it called when you have the inability to speak coherently, but able to understand speech/language

Answer 18

Expressive aphasia
damage to broca’s area

Question 19

Where is broca’s area located?

Answer 19

left frontal lobe

Question 20

where is wernicke’s area located?

Answer 20

left temporal lobe

Question 21

Describe what happens during hemispheric asymmetry in attention

Answer 21

if there is a left hemisphere lesion –> minimal right neglect
if there is a right hemisphere lesion –> severe left neglect

Question 22

Describe korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 22

usually a result from chronic alcoholism
characterized by confusion, severe memory loss, and apathy
due to poor nutrition, untreated thiamine deficiency, or damage to thalamus and parts of hypothalamus

Question 23

What would happen with both temporal lobes were removed?

Answer 23

inability to create new memories :(

Question 24

what are the pathways of the basal ganglia

Answer 24

Direct - increases motion
indirect - decreases motion

Question 25

What happens if there was loss of substantia nigra?

Answer 25

Parkinson’s
more indirect pathway, lack of willful motion

Question 26

what happens if there was loss of putamen and caudate nucleus?

Answer 26

Huntington’s
more direct pathway, personality change

Question 27

What are the 3 types of cerebellar dysfunction. describe all 3

Answer 27

ataxia - inability to make coordinated and accurate movements
dysmetria - very short/long movements and are adjusted after completion
dysdiadochokiesia - unable to make fast alternating movements

Question 28

What is kiesselbach’s area?

Answer 28

anastomotic area in the nasal cavity where there are multiple vessels feeding into this area = lotta bleeding

Question 29

what is epistaxis?

Answer 29

nose bleeds

Question 30

Why is the central artery of the retina signficant?

Answer 30

it is the only place to directly observe the circulatory system to look for: pathology, degeneration, etc

Question 31

What does the facial artery anastomoses with (not terminal part)? what are they both branches of?

Answer 31

infraorbital a.
external carotid a.

Question 32

What terminal part of the facial artery anastomoses with? What does that part originate from?

Answer 32

Branches of the ophthalmic a.
Originates from internal carotid a.

Question 33

What are the 5 layers of the scalp?

Answer 33

SCALP
S = skin
C =CT
A = aponeurosis (tendon between occipitalis and frontalis muscles)
L = loose (areolar) CT
P = periosteum

Question 34

What are the 2 possible ways blood near the nose and upper lip drain through?

Answer 34

facial veins reaching the jugular veins
OR
ophthalmic veins reaching the cavernous sinus

Question 35

What are the most common signs of cavernous sinus thrombosis?

Answer 35

Dysfunction of CN III, IV, V1, V2, & VI, plus swelling of the orbit

Question 36

What is the lymph drainage pathway of the head and neck?

Answer 36

1) Lymphatic vessels of the superficial fascia of the face and scalp drain into the pericervical lymph collar
2) Then passes to superficial cervical lymph nodes
3) passes to the deep cervical lymph nodes
4) nodes collect lymph into a right and left jugular lymphatic trunk, then to subclavian veins

Question 37

What are the subtypes of MALT

Answer 37

BALT - bronchi-associate lymphatic tissue
NALT - nasal-associated lymphatic tissue
GALT - Gut-associated lymphatic tissue
MALT of urogenital tract

Question 38

What is the drainage route of the submental node?

Answer 38

chin, middle of lower lip, tip of tongue