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Anatomy > head and neck (bones, muscles, intro to CNS and long tracts) > Flashcards

head and neck (bones, muscles, intro to CNS and long tracts) Flashcards

1
Q

occiptofrontalis

A

wrinkles forehead

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2
Q

platysma

A

stretches skin of neck

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3
Q

buccinator

A

keeps food in oral cavity

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4
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

blinks

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5
Q

corrugator supercillii

A

draws eyebrows together

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6
Q

levator labii superioris

A

lifts upper lip

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7
Q

levator anguli oris

A

lifts corner of upper lip

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8
Q

zygomaticus major & minor

A

lifts corner of upper lip superiorly and laterally

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9
Q

orbicularis oris

A

purses lips

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10
Q

depressor anguli oris

A

depresses angle of lower lip

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11
Q

depressor labii interioris

A

pulls lower lip inferiorly

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12
Q

mentalis

A

crinkles chin

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13
Q

origin of temporalis

A

temporal fossa

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14
Q

insertion of temporalis

A

coronoid process of mandible

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15
Q

function of temporalis

A

elevate the mandible, particularly incisors

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16
Q

origin of masseter

A

zygomatic arch

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17
Q

insertion of masseter

A

angle and body of mandible

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18
Q

function of masseter

A

elevate mandible, particularly molars

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19
Q

origin of medial pterygoid

A

pterygoid plates of sphenoid

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20
Q

insertion of medial pterygoid

A

angle and body of mandible

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21
Q

function of medial pterygoid

A

elevate and medially deviate mandible

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22
Q

origin of lateral pterygoid

A

pterygoid plates of sphenoid

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23
Q

insertion of lateral pterygoid

A

condylar process and TMJ joint disc

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24
Q

function of lateral pterygoid

A

open and protrude mandible

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25
Q

origin of superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

raphe with buccinator muscle

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26
Q

insertion of superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

occipital bone and pharygneal constrictors

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27
Q

function of superior pharyngeal constrictor

A

constrict pharynx, moving food inferiorly

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28
Q

origin of middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

hyoid

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29
Q

insertion of middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

pharyngeal constrictors

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30
Q

function of middle pharyngeal constrictor

A

constricts pharynx, moving food inferiorly

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31
Q

origin of stylopharyngeus

A

styloid process of temporal bone

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32
Q

insertion of stylopharyngeus

A

pharyngeal constrictors

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33
Q

function of stylopharyngeus

A

elevate and shorten pharynx

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34
Q

origin of soft palate and uvula

A

hard palate and pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone

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35
Q

insertion of soft palate and uvula

A

same muscle from opposite side

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36
Q

function of soft palate and uvula

A

separate nasopharynx and oropharynx

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37
Q

origin of levator veli palatini

A

cartilage of auditory tube

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38
Q

insertion of levator veli palatini

A

soft palate

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39
Q

function of levator veli palatini

A

separate nasopharynx and oropharynx

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40
Q

origin of tensor veli palatini

A

cartilage of auditory tube and pterygoid plates

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41
Q

insertion of tensor veli palatini

A

soft palate

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42
Q

function of tensor veli palatini

A

separate nasopharynx and oropharynx

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43
Q

origin of palatopharyngeus

A

soft palate

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44
Q

insertion of palatopharyngeus

A

pharyngeal constrictors

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45
Q

function of palatopharyngeus

A

depress palate and elevate pharynx

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46
Q

origin of palatoglossus

A

soft palate

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47
Q

insertion of palatoglossus

A

base of tongue

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48
Q

function of palatoglossus

A

depress palate

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49
Q

origin of digastric

A

mastoid process of temporal

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50
Q

insertion of digastric

A

genu of mandible and hyoid bone

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51
Q

function of digastric

A

elevate hyoid bone during swallowing

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52
Q

origin of stylohyoid

A

styloid process of temporal

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53
Q

insertion of stylohyoid

A

hyoid

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54
Q

function of stylohyoid

A

elevate hyoid during swallowing

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55
Q

origin of mylohyoid

A

body of right and left mandible

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56
Q

insertion of mylohyoid

A

midline raphe

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57
Q

function of mylohyoid

A

elevate hyoid during swallowing

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58
Q

origin of sternohyoid

A

posterior sternum

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59
Q

insertion of sternohyoid

A

hyoid

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60
Q

function of sternohyoid

A

depress hyoid

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61
Q

origin of sternothyroid

A

posterior sternum

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62
Q

insertion of sternothyroid

A

thyroid cartilage

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63
Q

function of sternothyroid

A

depress hyoid

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64
Q

origin of thyrohyoid

A

thryoid cartilage

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65
Q

insertion of thyrohyoid

A

hyoid

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66
Q

function of thyrohyoid

A

depress hyoid

67
Q

origin of omohyoid

A

superior scapula

68
Q

insertion of omohyoid

A

hyoid

69
Q

function of omohyoid

A

depress hyoid

70
Q

trapezius (origin, function?)

A

occipital bone and vertebral spinous processes
elevate, retract, or depress scapula

71
Q

origin of sternocleidomastoid

A

sternal head: manubrium sterni
clavicular head: clavicle

72
Q

insertion of sternocleidomastoid

A

mastoid process of temporal bone
superior nuchal line

73
Q

function of sternocleidomastoid

A

unilateral contraction –> contralateral rotation, ipsilateral side-bending
bilateral contraction –> flexion of neck, extension if head is already extended

74
Q

origin of rectus capitis posterior major

A

spinous process of axis

75
Q

insertion of rectus capitis posterior major

A

lateral aspect of occipital bone

76
Q

function of rectus capitis posterior major

A

extend AA and AO joints
rotates head to ipsilateral side
proprioception*

77
Q

origin of rectus capitis posterior minor

A

posterior tubercle of atlas

78
Q

insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor

A

medial aspect of occipital bone

79
Q

function of rectus capitis posterior minor

A

extend AA and AO joints
proprioception*

80
Q

origin of obliquus capitis superior

A

transverse process of atlas

81
Q

insertion of obliquus capitis superior

A

occipital bones

82
Q

function of obliquus capitis superior

A

extends head AA and AO
bends ipsilaterally
proprioception

83
Q

what is the neurocranium?

A

portion of skull containing the brain, lined by dura mater

84
Q

what is the viscerocranium?

A

portion of skill that makes up the face

85
Q

what is the pterion?

A

the junction of coronary and squamous sutures
the weak spot of all 4 bones

86
Q

what is the lambda?

A

the junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures

87
Q

what is the asterion?

A

junction of squamous and lambdoidal sutures

88
Q

what makes up the hard palate?

A

maxilla and palatine bone

89
Q

what is rhinoplasty?

A

the cosmetic reduction of nasal cartilage and nasal bones

90
Q

What happens in a deviated nasal septum

A

no development or trauma issues that causes it
impedes airflow and predispose to congestion

91
Q

Describe the characteristics of air sinuses

A

develop off of nasal cavity
enlarge as we age within the skull, remaining connected to nasal cavity

92
Q

what connects each nasal cavity to the nasopharynx

A

Choanae

93
Q

what empties into the sphenoethmoidal recess

A

sphenoid sinus

94
Q

what empties into the superior meatus

A

posterior ethmoid air cells

95
Q

what empties into the middle meatus

A

Anterior and middle ethmoid air cells enter ethmoid bulla before the middle meatus
front and maxillary sinus empty into the semilunar hiatus before the middle meatus

96
Q

Why are children predisposed to ear infections?

A

their auditory tube is more horizontal, making drainage slower
infections can spread to air cells in the mastoid process = mastoiditis

97
Q

what is the pathway of the nasolacrimal apparatus?

A

lacrimal gland
lacrimal ducts
superior and inferior lacrimal puncta
superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
inferior meatus

98
Q

what is the largest gland in the mouth and what does it release?

A

Parotid gland
watery secretion

99
Q

what gland duct runs posterior to the lower incisor teeth right below?

A

submandibular

100
Q

what makes submandibular more different than other glands?

A

makes more mineralized secretions –> more plaque on lower teeth

101
Q

where can sialoliths be formed?

A

in glands or ducts (submandibular), losing salivary gland function resulting in tooth decay

102
Q

what does the thyroid gland release?

A

thyroid hormones that require iodine
stores hormone precursors in colloid-filled spaces

103
Q

what do the parathyroid glands do?

A

increases serum calcium lvls

104
Q

what does the ectoderm form?

A

nervous system and epidermis

105
Q

what does the endoderm form?

A

lining of gut, rsp tract, urogenital tract

106
Q

what does the mesoderm form?

A

muscles, bones, CT, fat, etc, that protect and nurture the ectoderm and endoderm

107
Q

what is neurulation?

A

ectoderm folds to form neural tube and neural crest

108
Q

what does the neural tube create?

A

entire CNS - brain, brainstem, spinal cord

109
Q

name the 5 distinct regions of development

A

telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

110
Q

name the adult derivative of the 5 regions of development

A

telencephalon - wall: cerebral hemispheres, cavities: lateral ventricles
diencephalon - walls: thalamus, cavities: third ventricle
mesencephalon - walls: midbrain, cavities: aqueduct
metencephalon - walls: pons, cerebellum; cavities: fourth ventricle
myelencephalon - walls: medulla, cavities: fourth ventricles
End of tube = spinal cord

111
Q

function of spinal cord

A

motor and sensory cells and tracts to and from the body

112
Q

function of medulla

A

contains cardiorespiratory center, pain sensation in head, facial movement, swallowing

113
Q

function of pons

A

relay between cortex and cerebellum, muscles of mastication, fine touch of face

114
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordination of ongoing motor activity

115
Q

function of midbrain

A

assists with motor planning, jaw proprioception

116
Q

function of thalamus

A

switchboard of brain, associated with optic nerve

117
Q

function of epithalamus (pineal gland)

A

day to night and seasonal cycles

118
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

appetite, sexual, thermoregulation

119
Q

function of pituitary gland

A

growth, thyroid, water balance, lactation, pregnancy maintenance

120
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

personality, motor activity, executive impulse control

121
Q

function of pre-central gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

122
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

perception of senses, mathematics, language

123
Q

function of post-central gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

124
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

memory, emotion, hearing, language

125
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

vision

126
Q

function of corpus callosum

A

sharing info between right and left lobes

127
Q

function of longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

separates left and right cortex

128
Q

function of central sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes

129
Q

function of lateral sulcus

A

separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe

130
Q

function of parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates parietal and occipital lobes

131
Q

function of calcarine sulcus

A

separates upper and lower aspects of occipital lobe

132
Q

what is in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones
frontal lobes

133
Q

what is in the middle cranial fossa?

A

sphenoid, temporal bones
temporal lobes
optic nerve (CN II)
pituitary gland
hypothalamus

134
Q

what is in the posterior cranial fossa

A

temporal, occipital bones
pons, medulla, cerebellum

135
Q

what are the 3 meningeal layers?

A

superficial to deep:
dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater

136
Q

what is the dura mater do?

A

physically supports brain and brainstem
returns venous blood from brain to internal jugular veins
receives majority of its blood supply from middle meningeal artery
responsible for headaches

137
Q

what is the falx cerebri?

A

separates right and left loves of cortex

138
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

separates occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum

139
Q

what does the choroid plexus do?

A

filters blood to create cerebrospinal fluid

140
Q

what is the flow of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

through ventricles (inside CNS) to reach subarachnoid space (outside CNS) through holes in pia mater

141
Q

Describe the CSF and what does it act as?

A

Acts as a shock absorber
Produced continuously, therefore must drain from the area or it will compress the brain

142
Q

What is a cerebral contusion? what is the difference between that and a concussion?

A

bruises of the brain caused by forceful contact between brain and skill
Concussion involves loss of consciousness

143
Q

What are the 3 main fine touch receptors

A

meissner corpuscles
merkel cells
ruffini end organs
they cause depolarization as they deform

144
Q

What receptor can be found deep in the fascia? what do they respond to?

A

pacinian corpuscles
respond to changes in pressure

145
Q

What type of receptor/nerve ending can be found in the epidermis that is sensitive to pain and temp?

A

free nerve endings

146
Q

rank the sensory receptors in terms of their speed/thickness of their myeline sheath

A

1 (fastest) = Proprioceptors
(muscle spindle primary endings Ia; GTO Ib)
Lower motor neurons (a)
Most myelination
>
2 = Fine touch
(meissner corpuscles, merkel endings, pacinian corpuscles, AB)
Axons to intrafusal fibers (y)
>
3 = sharp pain, COLD, some touch (g)
Preganglionic autonomic
>
4 (slowest) = Slow pain, HEAT, itch (C)
Postganglionic autonomic
Least myelination

147
Q

What sensory input system receives fine touch, vibrations, proprioceptive from muscle spindle fibers and GTO?

A

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system (DCML)

148
Q

What sensory input system receives pain, temp, and crude touch from skin?

A

Anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract

149
Q

Describe the DCML pathway including orders of neuron cell bodies, location of synapses, location of decussation

A

1) 1st order neuron cell body = post. root ganglia
2) Axon extends both to sensory receptors and to post.
horn of spinal cord
3) Fibers from lower limbs and abd –> gracile fasciculus
Fibers from trunk (above T6) and upper limb –>
cuneate fasciculus
4) Decussation happens all at once in the lower medulla:
Gracile fasciculus - gracile nucleus (2nd)
cuneate fasciculus - cuneate nucleus (2nd)
5) 2nd order axons ascends as the medial lemniscus,
reaching the ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus (3rd)
of thalamus
6) 3rd axons reach postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe of
cerebral cortex

150
Q

what would happen if there was a lesion above the decussation point in the DCML pathway?

A

contralateral signs

151
Q

what would happen if there was a lesion below the decussation point in the DCML pathway?

A

Ipsilateral signs

152
Q

Describe the Anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract including order of neuron cell bodies, location of synapses, location of decussation

A

1) 1st neuron cell bodies in posterior root ganglia. extends both to sensory receptors and to posterior horn of spinal cord
2) synapses in posterior horn of spinal cord (2nd)
3) decussates immediately through anterior white commissure of spinal cord, ascending in anterolateral tracts (DECUSSATES CONTINUOUSLY IN SPINAL CORD)
4) anterolateral tracts gathers more 2nd order axons as it ascends until reaching ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus of thalamus (3rd)
5) 3rd order axons ascend reaching the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

153
Q

What would happen if there was a lesion to the anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract?

A

contralateral signs below site of lesion because axons decussate continuously after they reach the spinal cord

154
Q

What part of the anterolateral system is responsible for conscious perception of pain and temp?

A

spinothalamic

155
Q

Where does willful motion occur? What tracts control which part of the body?

A

Pre-central gyrus
Lateral corticospinal (body) and corticobulbar (head and neck)

156
Q

Describe the lateral corticospinal tract (location of decussation, synapses, etc)

A

1) from cortex to medulla, they run with each other as corticobulbospinal tract
2) upper motor neurons project from neuron cell bodies in precentral gyrus of front lobe, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles of midbrain, ventral pons, medullary pyramids
3) corticobulbar axons synapses with lower motor neurons in brainstem, innervating head and neck muscles
4) in interior medulla, axons decussate and continue descending as lateral corticospinal tract
5) at all levels of spinal cord, axons synapse with lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord
6) lower motor neurons leave spinal cord through anterior roots, spinal nerves, ant. and post. rami, and peripheral nerves = innervating skeletal muscles

157
Q

what are the signs of upper motor neuron lesions

A

increased weakness, reflexes, and tone

158
Q

what are the signs of lower motor neuron lesions

A

increased weakness, atrophy, fasciculations
decreased reflexes and tone

159
Q

what would happen if there was a lesion above the decussation in the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

contralateral upper motor signs to regions below the lesion

160
Q

What are the main nuclear divisions of the thalamus and what type of inputs of inputs do they receive?

A

Ventral posteriolateral nucleus - anterior, dorsal, lateral, posterior
ventral posterior medial - sensory input from the head

161
Q

what is normal muscle tone controlled by?

A

muscle spindle fibers

162
Q

what info does the muscle spindle fiber provide?

A

degree of muscle tension and adjust tone to prevent injury

163
Q

What causes a stretch in muscle spindle fibers and what signal do they send out after the stretch?

A

stretching a muscle
sends signal to spinal cord to increase tone to the stretched muscle
signals antagonist muscles on other side of joint to relax

164
Q

describe the golgi tendon organ and its actions

A

signals spinal cord to decrease tone in agonist muscles and increase antagonist tone
prevents tearing and avulsion of muscle tendon

Anatomy (8 decks)

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