head and neck (bones, muscles, intro to CNS and long tracts) Flashcards
1
Q
occiptofrontalis
A
wrinkles forehead
2
Q
platysma
A
stretches skin of neck
3
Q
buccinator
A
keeps food in oral cavity
4
Q
orbicularis oculi
A
blinks
5
Q
corrugator supercillii
A
draws eyebrows together
6
Q
levator labii superioris
A
lifts upper lip
7
Q
levator anguli oris
A
lifts corner of upper lip
8
Q
zygomaticus major & minor
A
lifts corner of upper lip superiorly and laterally
9
Q
orbicularis oris
A
purses lips
10
Q
depressor anguli oris
A
depresses angle of lower lip
11
Q
depressor labii interioris
A
pulls lower lip inferiorly
12
Q
mentalis
A
crinkles chin
13
Q
origin of temporalis
A
temporal fossa
14
Q
insertion of temporalis
A
coronoid process of mandible
15
Q
function of temporalis
A
elevate the mandible, particularly incisors
16
Q
origin of masseter
A
zygomatic arch
17
Q
insertion of masseter
A
angle and body of mandible
18
Q
function of masseter
A
elevate mandible, particularly molars
19
Q
origin of medial pterygoid
A
pterygoid plates of sphenoid
20
Q
insertion of medial pterygoid
A
angle and body of mandible
21
Q
function of medial pterygoid
A
elevate and medially deviate mandible
22
Q
origin of lateral pterygoid
A
pterygoid plates of sphenoid
23
Q
insertion of lateral pterygoid
A
condylar process and TMJ joint disc
24
Q
function of lateral pterygoid
A
open and protrude mandible
25
origin of superior pharyngeal constrictor
raphe with buccinator muscle
26
insertion of superior pharyngeal constrictor
occipital bone and pharygneal constrictors
27
function of superior pharyngeal constrictor
constrict pharynx, moving food inferiorly
28
origin of middle pharyngeal constrictor
hyoid
29
insertion of middle pharyngeal constrictor
pharyngeal constrictors
30
function of middle pharyngeal constrictor
constricts pharynx, moving food inferiorly
31
origin of stylopharyngeus
styloid process of temporal bone
32
insertion of stylopharyngeus
pharyngeal constrictors
33
function of stylopharyngeus
elevate and shorten pharynx
34
origin of soft palate and uvula
hard palate and pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone
35
insertion of soft palate and uvula
same muscle from opposite side
36
function of soft palate and uvula
separate nasopharynx and oropharynx
37
origin of levator veli palatini
cartilage of auditory tube
38
insertion of levator veli palatini
soft palate
39
function of levator veli palatini
separate nasopharynx and oropharynx
40
origin of tensor veli palatini
cartilage of auditory tube and pterygoid plates
41
insertion of tensor veli palatini
soft palate
42
function of tensor veli palatini
separate nasopharynx and oropharynx
43
origin of palatopharyngeus
soft palate
44
insertion of palatopharyngeus
pharyngeal constrictors
45
function of palatopharyngeus
depress palate and elevate pharynx
46
origin of palatoglossus
soft palate
47
insertion of palatoglossus
base of tongue
48
function of palatoglossus
depress palate
49
origin of digastric
mastoid process of temporal
50
insertion of digastric
genu of mandible and hyoid bone
51
function of digastric
elevate hyoid bone during swallowing
52
origin of stylohyoid
styloid process of temporal
53
insertion of stylohyoid
hyoid
54
function of stylohyoid
elevate hyoid during swallowing
55
origin of mylohyoid
body of right and left mandible
56
insertion of mylohyoid
midline raphe
57
function of mylohyoid
elevate hyoid during swallowing
58
origin of sternohyoid
posterior sternum
59
insertion of sternohyoid
hyoid
60
function of sternohyoid
depress hyoid
61
origin of sternothyroid
posterior sternum
62
insertion of sternothyroid
thyroid cartilage
63
function of sternothyroid
depress hyoid
64
origin of thyrohyoid
thryoid cartilage
65
insertion of thyrohyoid
hyoid
66
function of thyrohyoid
depress hyoid
67
origin of omohyoid
superior scapula
68
insertion of omohyoid
hyoid
69
function of omohyoid
depress hyoid
70
trapezius (origin, function?)
occipital bone and vertebral spinous processes
elevate, retract, or depress scapula
71
origin of sternocleidomastoid
sternal head: manubrium sterni
clavicular head: clavicle
72
insertion of sternocleidomastoid
mastoid process of temporal bone
superior nuchal line
73
function of sternocleidomastoid
unilateral contraction --> contralateral rotation, ipsilateral side-bending
bilateral contraction --> flexion of neck, extension if head is already extended
74
origin of rectus capitis posterior major
spinous process of axis
75
insertion of rectus capitis posterior major
lateral aspect of occipital bone
76
function of rectus capitis posterior major
extend AA and AO joints
rotates head to ipsilateral side
proprioception*
77
origin of rectus capitis posterior minor
posterior tubercle of atlas
78
insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor
medial aspect of occipital bone
79
function of rectus capitis posterior minor
extend AA and AO joints
proprioception*
80
origin of obliquus capitis superior
transverse process of atlas
81
insertion of obliquus capitis superior
occipital bones
82
function of obliquus capitis superior
extends head AA and AO
bends ipsilaterally
proprioception
83
what is the neurocranium?
portion of skull containing the brain, lined by dura mater
84
what is the viscerocranium?
portion of skill that makes up the face
85
what is the pterion?
the junction of coronary and squamous sutures
the weak spot of all 4 bones
86
what is the lambda?
the junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures
87
what is the asterion?
junction of squamous and lambdoidal sutures
88
what makes up the hard palate?
maxilla and palatine bone
89
what is rhinoplasty?
the cosmetic reduction of nasal cartilage and nasal bones
90
What happens in a deviated nasal septum
no development or trauma issues that causes it
impedes airflow and predispose to congestion
91
Describe the characteristics of air sinuses
develop off of nasal cavity
enlarge as we age within the skull, remaining connected to nasal cavity
92
what connects each nasal cavity to the nasopharynx
Choanae
93
what empties into the sphenoethmoidal recess
sphenoid sinus
94
what empties into the superior meatus
posterior ethmoid air cells
95
what empties into the middle meatus
Anterior and middle ethmoid air cells enter ethmoid bulla before the middle meatus
front and maxillary sinus empty into the semilunar hiatus before the middle meatus
96
Why are children predisposed to ear infections?
their auditory tube is more horizontal, making drainage slower
infections can spread to air cells in the mastoid process = mastoiditis
97
what is the pathway of the nasolacrimal apparatus?
lacrimal gland
lacrimal ducts
superior and inferior lacrimal puncta
superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
inferior meatus
98
what is the largest gland in the mouth and what does it release?
Parotid gland
watery secretion
99
what gland duct runs posterior to the lower incisor teeth right below?
submandibular
100
what makes submandibular more different than other glands?
makes more mineralized secretions --> more plaque on lower teeth
101
where can sialoliths be formed?
in glands or ducts (submandibular), losing salivary gland function resulting in tooth decay
102
what does the thyroid gland release?
thyroid hormones that require iodine
stores hormone precursors in colloid-filled spaces
103
what do the parathyroid glands do?
increases serum calcium lvls
104
what does the ectoderm form?
nervous system and epidermis
105
what does the endoderm form?
lining of gut, rsp tract, urogenital tract
106
what does the mesoderm form?
muscles, bones, CT, fat, etc, that protect and nurture the ectoderm and endoderm
107
what is neurulation?
ectoderm folds to form neural tube and neural crest
108
what does the neural tube create?
entire CNS - brain, brainstem, spinal cord
109
name the 5 distinct regions of development
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
110
name the adult derivative of the 5 regions of development
telencephalon - wall: cerebral hemispheres, cavities: lateral ventricles
diencephalon - walls: thalamus, cavities: third ventricle
mesencephalon - walls: midbrain, cavities: aqueduct
metencephalon - walls: pons, cerebellum; cavities: fourth ventricle
myelencephalon - walls: medulla, cavities: fourth ventricles
End of tube = spinal cord
111
function of spinal cord
motor and sensory cells and tracts to and from the body
112
function of medulla
contains cardiorespiratory center, pain sensation in head, facial movement, swallowing
113
function of pons
relay between cortex and cerebellum, muscles of mastication, fine touch of face
114
function of cerebellum
coordination of ongoing motor activity
115
function of midbrain
assists with motor planning, jaw proprioception
116
function of thalamus
switchboard of brain, associated with optic nerve
117
function of epithalamus (pineal gland)
day to night and seasonal cycles
118
function of hypothalamus
appetite, sexual, thermoregulation
119
function of pituitary gland
growth, thyroid, water balance, lactation, pregnancy maintenance
120
function of frontal lobe
personality, motor activity, executive impulse control
121
function of pre-central gyrus
primary motor cortex
122
function of parietal lobe
perception of senses, mathematics, language
123
function of post-central gyrus
primary somatosensory cortex
124
function of temporal lobe
memory, emotion, hearing, language
125
function of occipital lobe
vision
126
function of corpus callosum
sharing info between right and left lobes
127
function of longitudinal cerebral fissure
separates left and right cortex
128
function of central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
129
function of lateral sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe
130
function of parieto-occipital sulcus
separates parietal and occipital lobes
131
function of calcarine sulcus
separates upper and lower aspects of occipital lobe
132
what is in the anterior cranial fossa?
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones
frontal lobes
133
what is in the middle cranial fossa?
sphenoid, temporal bones
temporal lobes
optic nerve (CN II)
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
134
what is in the posterior cranial fossa
temporal, occipital bones
pons, medulla, cerebellum
135
what are the 3 meningeal layers?
superficial to deep:
dura mater - arachnoid mater - pia mater
136
what is the dura mater do?
physically supports brain and brainstem
returns venous blood from brain to internal jugular veins
receives majority of its blood supply from middle meningeal artery
responsible for headaches
137
what is the falx cerebri?
separates right and left loves of cortex
138
what is the tentorium cerebelli
separates occipital and temporal lobes from cerebellum
139
what does the choroid plexus do?
filters blood to create cerebrospinal fluid
140
what is the flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
through ventricles (inside CNS) to reach subarachnoid space (outside CNS) through holes in pia mater
141
Describe the CSF and what does it act as?
Acts as a shock absorber
Produced continuously, therefore must drain from the area or it will compress the brain
142
What is a cerebral contusion? what is the difference between that and a concussion?
bruises of the brain caused by forceful contact between brain and skill
Concussion involves loss of consciousness
143
What are the 3 main fine touch receptors
meissner corpuscles
merkel cells
ruffini end organs
they cause depolarization as they deform
144
What receptor can be found deep in the fascia? what do they respond to?
pacinian corpuscles
respond to changes in pressure
145
What type of receptor/nerve ending can be found in the epidermis that is sensitive to pain and temp?
free nerve endings
146
rank the sensory receptors in terms of their speed/thickness of their myeline sheath
1 (fastest) = Proprioceptors
(muscle spindle primary endings Ia; GTO Ib)
Lower motor neurons (a)
Most myelination
>
2 = Fine touch
(meissner corpuscles, merkel endings, pacinian corpuscles, AB)
Axons to intrafusal fibers (y)
>
3 = sharp pain, COLD, some touch (g)
Preganglionic autonomic
>
4 (slowest) = Slow pain, HEAT, itch (C)
Postganglionic autonomic
Least myelination
147
What sensory input system receives fine touch, vibrations, proprioceptive from muscle spindle fibers and GTO?
Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system (DCML)
148
What sensory input system receives pain, temp, and crude touch from skin?
Anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract
149
Describe the DCML pathway including orders of neuron cell bodies, location of synapses, location of decussation
1) 1st order neuron cell body = post. root ganglia
2) Axon extends both to sensory receptors and to post.
horn of spinal cord
3) Fibers from lower limbs and abd --> gracile fasciculus
Fibers from trunk (above T6) and upper limb -->
cuneate fasciculus
4) Decussation happens all at once in the lower medulla:
Gracile fasciculus - gracile nucleus (2nd)
cuneate fasciculus - cuneate nucleus (2nd)
5) 2nd order axons ascends as the medial lemniscus,
reaching the ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus (3rd)
of thalamus
6) 3rd axons reach postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe of
cerebral cortex
150
what would happen if there was a lesion above the decussation point in the DCML pathway?
contralateral signs
151
what would happen if there was a lesion below the decussation point in the DCML pathway?
Ipsilateral signs
152
Describe the Anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract including order of neuron cell bodies, location of synapses, location of decussation
1) 1st neuron cell bodies in posterior root ganglia. extends both to sensory receptors and to posterior horn of spinal cord
2) synapses in posterior horn of spinal cord (2nd)
3) decussates immediately through anterior white commissure of spinal cord, ascending in anterolateral tracts (DECUSSATES CONTINUOUSLY IN SPINAL CORD)
4) anterolateral tracts gathers more 2nd order axons as it ascends until reaching ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus of thalamus (3rd)
5) 3rd order axons ascend reaching the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
153
What would happen if there was a lesion to the anterolateral system/spinothalamic tract?
contralateral signs below site of lesion because axons decussate continuously after they reach the spinal cord
154
What part of the anterolateral system is responsible for conscious perception of pain and temp?
spinothalamic
155
Where does willful motion occur? What tracts control which part of the body?
Pre-central gyrus
Lateral corticospinal (body) and corticobulbar (head and neck)
156
Describe the lateral corticospinal tract (location of decussation, synapses, etc)
1) from cortex to medulla, they run with each other as corticobulbospinal tract
2) upper motor neurons project from neuron cell bodies in precentral gyrus of front lobe, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles of midbrain, ventral pons, medullary pyramids
3) corticobulbar axons synapses with lower motor neurons in brainstem, innervating head and neck muscles
4) in interior medulla, axons decussate and continue descending as lateral corticospinal tract
5) at all levels of spinal cord, axons synapse with lower motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal cord
6) lower motor neurons leave spinal cord through anterior roots, spinal nerves, ant. and post. rami, and peripheral nerves = innervating skeletal muscles
157
what are the signs of upper motor neuron lesions
increased weakness, reflexes, and tone
158
what are the signs of lower motor neuron lesions
increased weakness, atrophy, fasciculations
decreased reflexes and tone
159
what would happen if there was a lesion above the decussation in the lateral corticospinal tract?
contralateral upper motor signs to regions below the lesion
160
What are the main nuclear divisions of the thalamus and what type of inputs of inputs do they receive?
Ventral posteriolateral nucleus - anterior, dorsal, lateral, posterior
ventral posterior medial - sensory input from the head
161
what is normal muscle tone controlled by?
muscle spindle fibers
162
what info does the muscle spindle fiber provide?
degree of muscle tension and adjust tone to prevent injury
163
What causes a stretch in muscle spindle fibers and what signal do they send out after the stretch?
stretching a muscle
sends signal to spinal cord to increase tone to the stretched muscle
signals antagonist muscles on other side of joint to relax
164
describe the golgi tendon organ and its actions
signals spinal cord to decrease tone in agonist muscles and increase antagonist tone
prevents tearing and avulsion of muscle tendon
