Head and Neck Anatomy

Question 1

What comprises posterior neck?

Answer 1

Cervical vertebrae column
Cervical spinal cord
Postvertebral musculature

Question 2

What comprises anterior neck?

Answer 2

Pre vertebral musculature
Pre vertebral fascia
Carotid sheaths
submandibular glands
Anterior cervical musculature

Question 3

At what vertebral level does the hyoid lie?

Answer 3

C3

Question 4

At what vertebral level does the notch of the thyroid cartilage lie?

Answer 4

C4

Question 5

At what vertebral level does the Cricoid cartilage lie

Answer 5

C4 - C6

Question 6

Which tracheal rings does the isthmus lie over?

Answer 6

2nd/3rd

Question 7

Where does the cricothyroid ligament span from?

Answer 7

The inferior border of the thyroid cartilage to the superior border of the cricoid cartilage

Question 8

The lower cricoid cartilage corresponds to the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae and 7 other things; name them

Answer 8

• pharynx - oesophagus junction
• Inferior thyroid artery/ middle thyroid vein enters/leaves the thyroid
• Larynx - trachea junction
• The site at which the carotid artery can be compressed against the transverse process of C6
• the level at which the vertebral artery enters the transverse foramen in the 6th cervical vertebra
• the superior belly of omohyoid crosses carotid sheath
• The level of the middle cervical sympathetic ganglion

Question 9

Name the three boundaries of the posterior triangle

Answer 9

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Clavicle

Question 10

Name the three boundaries of the anterior triangle

Answer 10

Sternocleidomastoid
The mandible
midline

Question 11

When the jaws are violently clenched the platysma comes into view - passing from the ______ over the _____ and lying in the deep/superficial fascia

Answer 11

When the jaws are violently clenched, the platysma comes into view - passing from the mandible over the clavicle and lying in the superficial fascia.

Question 12

The internal/external jugular vein lies deep/superficial to the platysma muscle

Answer 12

The external jugular vein lies deep to the platysma muscle

Question 13

the external jugular vein runs into the posterior triangle underneath sternocleidomastoid and penetrates the deep fascia at the level of the clavicle to enter the subclavian - true/false

Answer 13

False - the external jugular vein runs in the posterior triangle, crossing OVER sternocleidomastoid and penetrates the deep fascia at the level of the clavicle to enter the subclavian

Question 14

What is the carotid artery pushed against to feel its pulse? Be specific

Answer 14

The anterior tubercle of C6 vertebra.

Question 15

At what level does the common carotid bifurcate?

Answer 15

Level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

Question 16

What does the palate separate?

Answer 16

the nasal and buccal (oral) cavities

Question 17

The palate is divided into

Answer 17

Soft palate (posterior)
Hard palate (anterior)

Question 18

What constitutes the hard palate?

Answer 18

The palatine plate of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone

Question 19

The sensory supply of the palate is mostly _______ but also has some fibres of _____ supplying its ______(anterior/posterior) compartment

Answer 19

The sensory supply of the palate is mostly CNV2 (maxillary division) but also has some fibres of CNIX (glossopharyngeal) supplying its posterior part

Question 20

Motor innervation for the palatine muscles is from _____ fibres in the ______ with the exception of ______ supplied by _______

Answer 20

Motor innervation for palatine muscles is from the vagus nerve fibres in the pharyngeal plexus with the exception of tensor veli palatini which is supplied by the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve.

Question 21

What is the real purpose of the soft palate

Answer 21

The soft palate closes off the nasopharynx from the buccal cavity during swallowing, speaking and blowing.

Question 22

The tongue consists of an ____ 2/3rds and a _____ 1/3rd

Answer 22

anterior 2/3rds

posterior 1/3

Question 23

the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue is called the ______ tongue while the posterior third is the ______ tongue

Answer 23

Horizontal

Vertical

Question 24

What separates the anterior and posterior tongue?

Answer 24

the terminal sulcus (sulcus terminalis)

Question 25

What is the foramen caecum?

Answer 25

A shallow depression in the centre of the sulcus terminalis which is the embryological origin of the thyroid

Question 26

What is the frenulum linguae?

Answer 26

it is the thin strip of mucosa on the ventral tongue which holds the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity.

Question 27

The mucosa is thick around the frenulum and so it is impossible to see the lingual veins on either side of it - true/false

Answer 27

false - it is actually very thin and so you can see both lingual veins.

Question 28

The lingual nerve and artery lie medial/lateral to the lingual vein

Answer 28

Medial (but not visible)

Question 29

On either side of the base of the frenulum can be seen the orifice of the _______ duct(s)

Answer 29

On either side of the base of the frenulum can be seen the orifice of the submandibular glands

Question 30

What type of cells make up the dorsum of the tongue?

Answer 30

Thick stratified squamous epithelium

Question 31

The anterior two thirds of the tongue contains papillae - true/false

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Name the four types of tongue papillae. Which is most numerous?

Answer 32

filiform fungiform Vallate Foliate

Question 33

How many of the types of tongue papillae contain taste buds? Which type contains most taste buds?

Answer 33

Fungiform Vallate (majority) Foliate

Question 34

What part of the tongue (anterior/posterior) makes up part of the Waldeyer Defensive ring of lymphoid tissues? What other structures make this ring?

Answer 34

The posterior 1/3rd of the tongue. No papillae but numerous lymphoid nodules. Palatine tonsil and adenoids are the other components

Question 35

There are ___ pairs of intrinsic tongue muscles - what do they do? the are mostly located ____ ____

Answer 35

4 pairs They alter the shape of the tongue Dorsally/posteriorly

Question 36

there are ___ pairs of extrinsic muscles. Name them and where they originate

Answer 36

4 pair Genioglossus - symphysis menti of the mandible Styloglossus - styloid process of the temporal bone Hyoglossus - from the hyoid bone palatoglossus - the soft palate

Question 37

What nerve(s) innervate(s) the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Answer 37

Hypoglossal | Except palatoglossus - technically a muscle of the palate - therefore supplied by the vagus nerve (pharyngeal branch)

Question 38

genioglossus does...?

Answer 38

Protrudes the tongue

Question 39

Styloglossus does...?

Answer 39

retracts the tongue

Question 40

Hyoglossus does...?

Answer 40

depresses the tongue

Question 41

palatoglossus does...?

Answer 41

Depresses the palate/narrows the oropharynx in swallowing

Question 42

What artery(ies) supply the tongue? Where do they arise from?

Answer 42

The right and left lingual branches of the external carotid arteries

Question 43

Which cranial nerve(s) supply the sensory innervation to the anterior tongue?

Answer 43

The lingual branch of CNV and the gustatory fibres of the chords tympani branch of CNVII