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ochd > head and neck anatomy > Flashcards

head and neck anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what structures are included in the surface anatomy of the neck

A
  • mandible
  • hyoid bone
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • trachea
  • trapezius
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • clavicle
  • suprasternal notch
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2
Q

the skeletal component of neck is comprised of what three things

A
  • cervical vertebrae
  • hyoid bone
  • laryngeal cartilages [thyroid and cricoid]
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3
Q

what is the difference between cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage

A
  • cricoid cartilage is a continuous ring of cartilage

- thyroid cartilage - not continuous - U shape

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4
Q

what is a characteristic of hyoid bone

A
  • does not articulate with bones - only attached to muscles and ligaments
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5
Q

3 differences between cervical and thoracic vertebra

A

cervical has

  • smaller body
  • bifid spinous process
  • transverse foramen [allowing transmission of blood vessels and nerves]
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6
Q

cervical vertebrae 1

A
  • known as atlas
  • has no body
  • articulates with occipital condyles on base of the skull allowing for nodding movements
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7
Q

cervical vertebrae 2

A
  • known as axis
  • has a structure called dens which projects from the body upwards
  • the anterior surface of dens articulates with posterior surface of arch of atlas
  • allows for shaking movement
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8
Q

what is platysma

A
  • most superficial muscle lying below surface of skin and neck
  • forms a flat sheet that attaches to inferior border of mandible and muscles around the mouth
  • platysma is innervated by cervical branches of facial nerve
  • tightens skins and depresses corners of the mouth
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9
Q

where does sternocleidomastoid originate from

A
  • head is at clavicle and sternum
  • the two heads join and attach to the mastoid process
  • if one muscle contracts head and neck bend to same side therefore face tilts upwards and opposite side
  • if both muscles contract neck is flexed and head is extended
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10
Q

where does the trapezius insert from and what is its function

A
  • inserts from clavicle and parts of scapula

- used to shrug shoulders and raises scapula

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11
Q

what cranial nerve is sternocleidomastoid and trapezius innervated by

A
  • spinal accessory nerve [11]
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12
Q

what structures form the posterior triangle

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius
  • accessory nerve
  • external jugular vein
  • levator scapulae [elevates the scapula]
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13
Q

what structures form the anterior triangle

A
  • external jugular vein
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • trapezius
  • hyoid bone
  • suprahyoid muscles [superior to hyoid] - opposite to infra hyoid
  • infra hyoid muscles [when contracts depresses hyoid bone and larynx]
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14
Q

what is a cricothyrotomy and tracheostomy

A
  • a small incision made through the skin and the cricothyroid membrane is located
  • a small midline incision is made in the membrane and the tracheostomy tube is inserted
  • a tracheostomy - surgical operation to keep airway open - tube inserted directly into trachea
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15
Q

what is the clinical test, what do they supply [accessory nerves]

A
  • they are motor nerves
  • supplying the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
  • clinical test; turn head and shrug shoulders against resistance
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16
Q

where do the accessory nerves enter and exit from

A
  • the spinal part of the nerve originates from the upper 5 cervical segments and enters the cranium through the foramen magnum
  • before the nerve leaves the cranium it is joined by fibres from the vagus nerve and leave the cranium through jugular foramen
17
Q

what is venous drainage and what is it done via

A
  • it is where deoxygenated blood is drained

- drainage of head and neck via internal and external jugular veins

18
Q

internal jugular vein

A
  • responsible for draining the brain and deeper structures of head and neck
  • it leaves via jugular foramen and travels inferiorly within carotid sheath alongside internal carotid artery and vagus nerve
  • along its way is receives facial, lingual, pharyngeal veins
19
Q

external jugular vein

A
  • drains superficial extracranial structures

- travels superficial to sternocleidomastoid before emptying into subclavian vein

20
Q

what is carotid sheath made from and what does it contain

A
  • connective tissue

- contains vagus nerve, internal jugular vein and common carotid artery

21
Q

what do the main arteries supplying head and neck branch from

A
  • subclavian and

- common carotid

22
Q

the common carotid bifurcate in the neck forming what

A
  • internal and external common carotid
23
Q

internal carotid artery

A
  • has no branches

- travels adjacent to internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath towards cranium to supply head

24
Q

external carotid artery

A
  • external to carotid sheath

- supplies tissues of head, neck and oral cavity

25
Q

what is the superior thyroid artery

A
  • it is the first branch from external carotid artery

- supplies structures inc. thyroid gland, infra hyoid muscles, sternocleidomastoid and muscles of larynx

26
Q

what do the ascending pharyngeal arteries supply

A
  • supplies pharyngeal walls and

- palatine tonsils

27
Q

what do lingual arteries supply

A
  • supplies tongue, suprahyoid and floor of mouth
28
Q

what is the route of the facial artery

A
  • arises from superior lingual artery - emerges on the face at inferior border of mandible, anterior to masseter muscle and then travels diagonally across the face to medial corner of the eye
29
Q

what arteries supply the posterior of the neck, scalp and behind the ears

A
  • occipital

and posterior auricular arteries

30
Q

what are the two terminal branches of the external carotid arteries

A
  • superficial temporary artery - smaller and branches to supply skin of scalp
  • maxillary artery - gives of 2 branches
    ; middle meningeal artery - supplies dura and skull
    ; inferior alveolar artery - supplying mandibular detention
31
Q

where do the inferior thyroid artery branch from and what do they supply

A
  • branches from thyrocervical trunk

- supplies thyroid gland, larynx and trachea

32
Q

what does the vertebral artery branch from and what does it supply

A
  • branches from subclavian artery
  • travels through neck via transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae and enters cranium via foramen magnum to supply brain

ochd (8 decks)

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