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Anatomy 2nd Year > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Label this diagram of the skull bones

A
  1. Ethmoid bone
  2. Vomer
  3. Squamous part of temporal bone
  4. Mandible
  5. Parietal bone
  6. Sphenoid bone
  7. Frontal bone
  8. Palatine bone
  9. Lacrimal bone
  10. Zygomatic bone
  11. Nasal bone
  12. Inferior nasal concha
  13. Maxilla
  14. Occipital
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2
Q

Label the sutures of the skull

A

Coronal suture - frontal to parietal
Sagittal suture - parietal to parietal
lambdoid suture - occipital to parietal

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3
Q

What bone is the mastoid and styloid processes part of

A

Temporal bone

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4
Q

which bones make up the zygomatic arch

A

Zygomatic and temporal

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5
Q

Label this diagram

A 
Cribriform plate (ethmoid bone) 
Cristra galli (just above the cribriform plate) (ethmoid bone) 
Sphenoid bone (with lesser wing above and greater wing below) (can also see the pituitary / hypophyseal fossa) 
Temporal bone 
Occipital bone (with foramen magnum)
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6
Q

Label the air sinuses below

A

Red - Frontal air sinus
Green - Ethmoid air cells
Blue - Sphenoid air sinus
Brown - Maxillary air sinus

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7
Q

Label these muscles ( 9, 2, 15, 5, 11, 6)

A 
9 - Frontalis part of occipitofrontalis
2 - Temporalis 
15 -  Obicularis oris 
11 -  Obicularis oculi 
5 - Masseter 
6- Buccinator

Zygomaticus - from zygomatic bone to obicularis oris

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8
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression

A

Cranial nerve 7 - Facial Nerve

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9
Q

What are the branches of the facial nerve (and what do they innervate)

A 
Temporal - frontalis , obicularis oculi 
Zygomatic - obicularis oculi 
Buccal - obicularis oris, buccinator 
Marginal mandibular 
Cervical - platysma
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10
Q

Function of obicularis oculi

A

opening and closing of eye

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11
Q

Function of Occipital frontalis

A

Retracts scalp, lifts up eyebrows

Fontalis part on its own will cause frown

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the obicularis oculi

A

Obrital part and palpebral part

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13
Q

what is the function of the buccinator

A

compress cheeks to prevent them getting bitten and keeps bolus in the middle of the mouth

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14
Q

what is the function of the platysma

A

lowers corner of mouth and lower lips and opens mouth

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15
Q

function of obicularis oris

A

produces movement of lips

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16
Q

what are the muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid

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17
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication

A

mandibular devision of trigeminal nerve

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18
Q

What is the function of the temporalis muscle

A

Elevation and retraction of mandible

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19
Q

what is the function of the masseter muscle

A

Elevate mandible

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20
Q

what is the function of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

A

lateral - protrusion of mandible

medial - elevation of mandible

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21
Q

where to the pterygoid muscles attach to on the skull

A

they both attach to the lateral pterygoid plate on the sphenoid bone

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22
Q

label the different parts of the cerebral hemispheres (Basics)

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe (if you pull out the temporal lobe the insula is behind it)
Occipital lobe

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23
Q

what is the name given to the large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure - within the longitudinal fissure is a continuation of the dura matter called the falx cerebri

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24
Q

what connects the two hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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25
Q

Label the functional areas of the brain

A

Primary motor cortex
Primary Sensory cortex
Broca’s area (44&45) (makes sure what you say makes sense)
Wernicke’s Area (comprehension of speech) (only have 1 wernicke’s area)
Primary visual cortex
Auditory cortex (processes auditory information)

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26
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the primary motor cortex

A

frontal

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27
Q

which lobe of the brain contians the primary visual cortex

A

occipital

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28
Q

which lobe of the brain contians the primary sensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

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29
Q

which lobe of the brain contains the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal

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30
Q

Label this diagram of the ventricles of the brain

A

Lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
4th Ventricle

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31
Q

what connects the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle

A

foramen of munro

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32
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

A

cerebral aqueduct

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33
Q

what produces the CSF and where is it found

A

The CSF if found in the lateral ventricle and is produced by the choroid plexus

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34
Q

What are the four rectus muscles of the eye

A

Medial rectus
Lateral Rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior Rectus

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35
Q

Function of Superior rectus muscle of eye

A

Mainly elevates the eyeball but also adducts and medially rotates eye (intorsion)

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36
Q

Function of inferior rectus muscle

A

Depression, adduction and lateral rotation (extorsion)

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37
Q

Function of lateral rectus

A

Abduction of eyeball

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38
Q

Function of medial rectus muscle

A

Adduction of eye

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39
Q

What are the two oblique muscles of the eye

A

Superior oblique and inferior oblique

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40
Q

What is the function of the superior oblique muscle of eye

A

Depresses, abduction and medial rotation (intorsion )

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41
Q

what is the function of the inferior oblique muscle of the eye

A

Elevation abduction and lateral rotation (abduction)

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42
Q

What is the nervous innervation of the muscles of the eye

A

Superior oblique - Trochlear Nerve (cranial nerve 4)
Lateral rectus - Abducens nerve (cranial nerve 6)
Superior rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique - oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve 3)

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43
Q

What is the levator palpebrae superioris and what is its innervation

A

Is is the extrinsic muscle of the eye that elevates the eyelid to open the eye

Innervated by the oculomotor nerve

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44
Q

What is the importance of the sclera of the eye

A

It is the white part of the eye and it makes up 85% of the white of the eye. It is the place where the extraoccular muscles of the eye attach

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45
Q

what is the importance of the cornea of the eye

A

It makes up the rest of the fibrous layer of the eye. It is at the front of the eye and it is the bit where the light refracts

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46
Q

What is the function of the choroid of the eye

A

Layer of connective tissue and blood vessels which provide nourishment to the outer layer of the retina

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47
Q

What is the function of the ciliary body of the eye

A

Controls the shape of the lens and controls the aqueous humour production

48
Q

What is the function of the iris of the eye

A

Diameters of the pupil due to smooth muscle fibres innervated by autonomic nervous system

Oculomotor is parasympathetic so controls constriction of pupil
optic nerve is sympathetic and carries the pupillary dilation fibres

49
Q

What is aqueous humour and vitrous humour of the eye

A

Aqueous humour is clear fluid at front of eye. It is responsible for providing nutrients to eye and drain out any excess material waste from the eye.

The vitrous humour is colourless and gel like it is located between the retina and lens and it mainly composed of water with additional protein, salt, sugar and collagen. It gives structure to the eye and protects the retina

50
Q

What is the blood supply to the eye

A

ophthalmic artery

51
Q

What is the blood supply to the eye

A

ophthalmic artery

52
Q

What is the venous driange of the eye

A

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

53
Q

What are the main parts of the outer ear

A
  • Helix
  • Antihelix
  • Antitragus
  • Tragus
  • External auditory meatus
54
Q

Label the parts of the tympanic membrane you see here

A

Pars Flassida
Malleus
Annulus (fibrocartilage)
Pars Tensa

55
Q

What nerve is the chorda tympani a branch of

A

facial nerve

56
Q

What is the route of the chords tympani through the ear

A

Passes between the malleus and incus and then leaves the cavity to join the lingual nerve

57
Q

What type of joint are found between the ossicles of the ear

A

Malleus - Incus = synovial hinge

Incus - Stapes = Synovial ball and socket

58
Q

What are two muscles related to the ear ossicles and what are their functions

A

Tensor Tympani and Stapedius

Tensor tympani originates from auditory tube and attaches to the handle of malleus, - pulling it medially when contracting.
It is innervated by the tensor tympani nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve.

The stapedius muscle attaches to the stapes, and is innervated by the facial nerve. It protects the hearing apparatus when exposed to loud sound.

59
Q

Label the parts of the ear

A
  1. Auricle
  2. External Auditory Meatus
  3. Tympanic Membrane
  4. Tympanic Cavity
  5. Round Window (oval)
  6. Eustachian Tube (auditory)
  7. Cochlea
  8. Vestibulocochlear nerve
  9. Semicircular canals
  10. Stapes
  11. Incus
  12. Malleus
  13. Outer Ear
  14. Middle Ear
  15. Inner Ear
60
Q

Which part of the temporal bone does the middle ear lie

A

Tympanic part

61
Q

The inner ear consist of bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.
What lymph is found in each labyrinth

A

bony - perilymph

Membranous - endolymph

62
Q

What is the function of the cochlea of the ear

A

sense organ for hearing

63
Q

what is the function of the semicircular canals

A

Sense organ for balance

64
Q

What are the two otolith organs in the ear and their function

A

Uticle and Saccule

They help us maintain balance and orientation

65
Q

What is the use of having a vestibulooccular reflex

A

It stabilize the gaze by moving the eyes in order to compensate for head and body movement

66
Q

which foramen of the skull foes the facial nerve exit

A

internal auditory meatus

67
Q

which other nerve also exits through the internal auditory meatus apart form the facial nerve

A

Vestibuloccular nerve

68
Q

What is the function of the chorda tympani nerve

A

Parasympathetic - submandibular and sublingual gland

sensory - special sense to anterior 2/3 of tongue

69
Q

Label all the bony parts on this

A
70
Q

which bones forms the inferior nasal concha

A

inferior concha bone

71
Q

Which bones form the nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and vomer

72
Q

what is the opening in the skull where the nose will go called

A

the piriform aperture

73
Q

What bones form the roof of the nose

A

anterior and posterior nasal bones, frontal bone, ethmoid bone and body of sphenoid bone

74
Q

what bones form the floor of the nasal cavity

A

palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones

75
Q

which bone forms the superior and middle nasal concha

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

76
Q

Label the ethmoid bone

A
77
Q

what passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

Cranial nerve 1

78
Q

what attaches to the crista gali of the ethmoid bone

A

the anterior end of the falx cerebri

79
Q

what type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity

A

Pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium

80
Q

Draw and label and concha and meatus of the nose

A
81
Q

what is the name given to the space above the superior concha

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

82
Q

What main artery supplies the nose

A

opthamalic artery

83
Q

what is the name for the anastomosis of arteries on the nose

A

Keisselbach area (littles area)

84
Q

Where is the foramen caecum found in the tongue

A

At the back behind the vallate paillae and in front of the root of the tongue

85
Q

What is the embryological significance of the foramen ceacum

A

The thyroid gland originates at the foramen cecum and then descends into the neck forming the thyroglossal duct which connects the forman ceacum tot eh thyroid gland. This usually disappears in but may persist in some individuals.

The descent of the developing thyroid gland forms the thyroglossal duct – an epithelialised tract that connects the gland to its origin at the foramen cecum.

86
Q

what is the sensory innervation to the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 - general (touch pain) = V3 of trigeminal (mandibular)
- Special = Chorda tympani from facial N

Posterior 1/3 - Glossopharyngeal (IX) for general and special sensory

87
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what they do

A

Genioglossus - pulls the tongue anteriorly
Hypoglossus - pulls tongue in (depresses it)
Styloglossus - Pulls tongue in (posteriorly)
Palatoglossis - Pulls tongue up to soft pallet when swallowing

88
Q

Name the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Superior and inferior longitidunal
Transverse
vertical

89
Q

What nerve is mainly responsible for the motor function of the tongue

A

Hypyglossal nerve

90
Q

what is the only muscle of the tongue not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve

A

Palatoglossus - vagus nerve

91
Q

What is this

A

Tongue

92
Q

What is the space celled between the tongue and epiglotis

A

Valecula

93
Q

What is the space called between the epiglotis and oesophagus

A

Piriform fossa

94
Q

Label this diagram

A
  1. Optic canal
  2. Superior orbital fissure
  3. Foramen rotundum
  4. Foramen ovale
  5. Internal acoustic meatus
  6. Jugular foramen
  7. Formen magnum
  8. Hypoglossal canal
  9. Carotid canal
  10. Foramen spinosum
  11. cribriform plate
95
Q

what place in the skull does the olfactory nerve pass though

what is its function

A

Cribriform plate

special sense of smell

96
Q

What place in the skull does the optic nerve pass though

what is its function

A

optic canal

special sense of sight and carries sympathetic fibres to dilate pupil too

97
Q

what place in the skull foes the oculomotor nerve pass through

what is its function

A

Superior orbital fissure

motor to all the extrinsic muscle of the eye apart form the lateral rectus and superior oblique

98
Q

What part of the skull does the trochlear nerve pass though

what is its funciton

A

superior orbital fissure

99
Q

What part of the skull does the Trigeminal nerve pass though

what is its function

A

Opthalamic - superior orbital fissure - sensation to scalp forehead and nose
Maxillary - foramen rotumdum - sensation to from lower eye to upper lip
Mandibular - foramen ovale - sensation to lower teeth and bottom of face, sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue as well as muscles of mastication

100
Q

what part of the skull does the abducens nerve pass though

what is its function

A

superior orbital fissure

motor to the lateral rectus of the eye

101
Q

what part of the skull does the facial nerve pass though

what is its function

A

internal acoustic meatus

special sensation of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and motor to muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic to all glands apart from the parotid gland

102
Q

what part of the skull does the vestibulocular nerve pass though

what is its function

A

internal acoustic meatus

special sensory of hearing and also maintainign balance

103
Q

what part of the skull does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass though

function

A

jugular foramen

sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue and taste

supplies parotid gland

104
Q

what part of the skull does the vagus nerve pass though

what is its function

A

jugular foramen

smooth muscles of pharynx larynx and most of GIT

105
Q

what part of the skull does the accessory nerve pass though

what is its funciton

A

jugular foramen

motor to trapezius and SCM

106
Q

what part of the skull does the hypoglossal nerve pas though

A

hypoglossal canal

supplies intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

107
Q

Label the cranial nerves as they come out of the brainstem

A
108
Q

Label as much of the brainstem as you can

A
109
Q

where does the partiod gland open to in the mouth

A

by the 2nd upper molar

110
Q

what passes through the parotid gland

A
  • Facial N (CR.N VII)
  • External carotid artery
  • Retromandibular (vein)
111
Q

is parotid gland endocrine or exocrine

A

exocrine

112
Q

which jugular vein travles over the SCM muscle

A

External jugual vein

113
Q

what nerve roots make the ansa cervicalis

A

C1- C3

114
Q

what are the nerve roots of the cervical plexus

A

C1 - C4

115
Q

what open into the 3 meatus of nose (superior, middle and inferior)

A
116
Q

what type of joint in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Synovial hinge

Anatomy 2nd Year (4 decks)

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