Head and Neck Flashcards
Label this diagram of the skull bones
- Ethmoid bone
- Vomer
- Squamous part of temporal bone
- Mandible
- Parietal bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Frontal bone
- Palatine bone
- Lacrimal bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Nasal bone
- Inferior nasal concha
- Maxilla
- Occipital
Label the sutures of the skull
Coronal suture - frontal to parietal
Sagittal suture - parietal to parietal
lambdoid suture - occipital to parietal
What bone is the mastoid and styloid processes part of
Temporal bone
which bones make up the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic and temporal
Label this diagram
Cribriform plate (ethmoid bone) Cristra galli (just above the cribriform plate) (ethmoid bone) Sphenoid bone (with lesser wing above and greater wing below) (can also see the pituitary / hypophyseal fossa) Temporal bone Occipital bone (with foramen magnum)
Label the air sinuses below
Red - Frontal air sinus
Green - Ethmoid air cells
Blue - Sphenoid air sinus
Brown - Maxillary air sinus
Label these muscles ( 9, 2, 15, 5, 11, 6)
9 - Frontalis part of occipitofrontalis 2 - Temporalis 15 - Obicularis oris 11 - Obicularis oculi 5 - Masseter 6- Buccinator
Zygomaticus - from zygomatic bone to obicularis oris
What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression
Cranial nerve 7 - Facial Nerve
What are the branches of the facial nerve (and what do they innervate)
Temporal - frontalis , obicularis oculi Zygomatic - obicularis oculi Buccal - obicularis oris, buccinator Marginal mandibular Cervical - platysma
Function of obicularis oculi
opening and closing of eye
Function of Occipital frontalis
Retracts scalp, lifts up eyebrows
Fontalis part on its own will cause frown
What are the two parts of the obicularis oculi
Obrital part and palpebral part
what is the function of the buccinator
compress cheeks to prevent them getting bitten and keeps bolus in the middle of the mouth
what is the function of the platysma
lowers corner of mouth and lower lips and opens mouth
function of obicularis oris
produces movement of lips
what are the muscles of mastication
Temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid and medial pterygoid
what nerve innervates the muscles of mastication
mandibular devision of trigeminal nerve
What is the function of the temporalis muscle
Elevation and retraction of mandible
what is the function of the masseter muscle
Elevate mandible
what is the function of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
lateral - protrusion of mandible
medial - elevation of mandible
where to the pterygoid muscles attach to on the skull
they both attach to the lateral pterygoid plate on the sphenoid bone
label the different parts of the cerebral hemispheres (Basics)
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe (if you pull out the temporal lobe the insula is behind it)
Occipital lobe
what is the name given to the large fissure separating the two cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal fissure - within the longitudinal fissure is a continuation of the dura matter called the falx cerebri
what connects the two hemispheres
corpus callosum
Label the functional areas of the brain
Primary motor cortex
Primary Sensory cortex
Broca’s area (44&45) (makes sure what you say makes sense)
Wernicke’s Area (comprehension of speech) (only have 1 wernicke’s area)
Primary visual cortex
Auditory cortex (processes auditory information)
Which lobe of the brain contains the primary motor cortex
frontal
which lobe of the brain contians the primary visual cortex
occipital
which lobe of the brain contians the primary sensory cortex
parietal lobe
which lobe of the brain contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal
Label this diagram of the ventricles of the brain
Lateral ventricle
3rd ventricle
4th Ventricle
what connects the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle
foramen of munro
what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
what produces the CSF and where is it found
The CSF if found in the lateral ventricle and is produced by the choroid plexus
What are the four rectus muscles of the eye
Medial rectus
Lateral Rectus
Superior rectus
Inferior Rectus
Function of Superior rectus muscle of eye
Mainly elevates the eyeball but also adducts and medially rotates eye (intorsion)
Function of inferior rectus muscle
Depression, adduction and lateral rotation (extorsion)
Function of lateral rectus
Abduction of eyeball
Function of medial rectus muscle
Adduction of eye
What are the two oblique muscles of the eye
Superior oblique and inferior oblique
What is the function of the superior oblique muscle of eye
Depresses, abduction and medial rotation (intorsion )
what is the function of the inferior oblique muscle of the eye
Elevation abduction and lateral rotation (abduction)
What is the nervous innervation of the muscles of the eye
Superior oblique - Trochlear Nerve (cranial nerve 4)
Lateral rectus - Abducens nerve (cranial nerve 6)
Superior rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus
inferior oblique - oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve 3)
What is the levator palpebrae superioris and what is its innervation
Is is the extrinsic muscle of the eye that elevates the eyelid to open the eye
Innervated by the oculomotor nerve
What is the importance of the sclera of the eye
It is the white part of the eye and it makes up 85% of the white of the eye. It is the place where the extraoccular muscles of the eye attach
what is the importance of the cornea of the eye
It makes up the rest of the fibrous layer of the eye. It is at the front of the eye and it is the bit where the light refracts
What is the function of the choroid of the eye
Layer of connective tissue and blood vessels which provide nourishment to the outer layer of the retina
What is the function of the ciliary body of the eye
Controls the shape of the lens and controls the aqueous humour production
What is the function of the iris of the eye
Diameters of the pupil due to smooth muscle fibres innervated by autonomic nervous system
Oculomotor is parasympathetic so controls constriction of pupil
optic nerve is sympathetic and carries the pupillary dilation fibres
What is aqueous humour and vitrous humour of the eye
Aqueous humour is clear fluid at front of eye. It is responsible for providing nutrients to eye and drain out any excess material waste from the eye.
The vitrous humour is colourless and gel like it is located between the retina and lens and it mainly composed of water with additional protein, salt, sugar and collagen. It gives structure to the eye and protects the retina
What is the blood supply to the eye
ophthalmic artery
What is the blood supply to the eye
ophthalmic artery
What is the venous driange of the eye
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins
What are the main parts of the outer ear
- Helix
- Antihelix
- Antitragus
- Tragus
- External auditory meatus
Label the parts of the tympanic membrane you see here
Pars Flassida
Malleus
Annulus (fibrocartilage)
Pars Tensa
What nerve is the chorda tympani a branch of
facial nerve
What is the route of the chords tympani through the ear
Passes between the malleus and incus and then leaves the cavity to join the lingual nerve
What type of joint are found between the ossicles of the ear
Malleus - Incus = synovial hinge
Incus - Stapes = Synovial ball and socket
What are two muscles related to the ear ossicles and what are their functions
Tensor Tympani and Stapedius
Tensor tympani originates from auditory tube and attaches to the handle of malleus, - pulling it medially when contracting.
It is innervated by the tensor tympani nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve.
The stapedius muscle attaches to the stapes, and is innervated by the facial nerve. It protects the hearing apparatus when exposed to loud sound.
Label the parts of the ear
- Auricle
- External Auditory Meatus
- Tympanic Membrane
- Tympanic Cavity
- Round Window (oval)
- Eustachian Tube (auditory)
- Cochlea
- Vestibulocochlear nerve
- Semicircular canals
- Stapes
- Incus
- Malleus
- Outer Ear
- Middle Ear
- Inner Ear
Which part of the temporal bone does the middle ear lie
Tympanic part
The inner ear consist of bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth.
What lymph is found in each labyrinth
bony - perilymph
Membranous - endolymph
What is the function of the cochlea of the ear
sense organ for hearing
what is the function of the semicircular canals
Sense organ for balance
What are the two otolith organs in the ear and their function
Uticle and Saccule
They help us maintain balance and orientation
What is the use of having a vestibulooccular reflex
It stabilize the gaze by moving the eyes in order to compensate for head and body movement
which foramen of the skull foes the facial nerve exit
internal auditory meatus
which other nerve also exits through the internal auditory meatus apart form the facial nerve
Vestibuloccular nerve
What is the function of the chorda tympani nerve
Parasympathetic - submandibular and sublingual gland
sensory - special sense to anterior 2/3 of tongue
Label all the bony parts on this
which bones forms the inferior nasal concha
inferior concha bone
Which bones form the nasal septum
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and vomer
what is the opening in the skull where the nose will go called
the piriform aperture
What bones form the roof of the nose
anterior and posterior nasal bones, frontal bone, ethmoid bone and body of sphenoid bone
what bones form the floor of the nasal cavity
palatine process of maxilla and palatine bones
which bone forms the superior and middle nasal concha
perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Label the ethmoid bone
what passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
Cranial nerve 1
what attaches to the crista gali of the ethmoid bone
the anterior end of the falx cerebri
what type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity
Pseudostatified ciliated columnar epithelium
Draw and label and concha and meatus of the nose
what is the name given to the space above the superior concha
sphenoethmoidal recess
What main artery supplies the nose
opthamalic artery
what is the name for the anastomosis of arteries on the nose
Keisselbach area (littles area)
Where is the foramen caecum found in the tongue
At the back behind the vallate paillae and in front of the root of the tongue
What is the embryological significance of the foramen ceacum
The thyroid gland originates at the foramen cecum and then descends into the neck forming the thyroglossal duct which connects the forman ceacum tot eh thyroid gland. This usually disappears in but may persist in some individuals.
The descent of the developing thyroid gland forms the thyroglossal duct – an epithelialised tract that connects the gland to its origin at the foramen cecum.
what is the sensory innervation to the tongue
Anterior 2/3 - general (touch pain) = V3 of trigeminal (mandibular)
- Special = Chorda tympani from facial N
Posterior 1/3 - Glossopharyngeal (IX) for general and special sensory
Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what they do
Genioglossus - pulls the tongue anteriorly
Hypoglossus - pulls tongue in (depresses it)
Styloglossus - Pulls tongue in (posteriorly)
Palatoglossis - Pulls tongue up to soft pallet when swallowing
Name the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Superior and inferior longitidunal
Transverse
vertical
What nerve is mainly responsible for the motor function of the tongue
Hypyglossal nerve
what is the only muscle of the tongue not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve
Palatoglossus - vagus nerve
What is this
Tongue
What is the space celled between the tongue and epiglotis
Valecula
What is the space called between the epiglotis and oesophagus
Piriform fossa
Label this diagram
- Optic canal
- Superior orbital fissure
- Foramen rotundum
- Foramen ovale
- Internal acoustic meatus
- Jugular foramen
- Formen magnum
- Hypoglossal canal
- Carotid canal
- Foramen spinosum
- cribriform plate
what place in the skull does the olfactory nerve pass though
what is its function
Cribriform plate
special sense of smell
What place in the skull does the optic nerve pass though
what is its function
optic canal
special sense of sight and carries sympathetic fibres to dilate pupil too
what place in the skull foes the oculomotor nerve pass through
what is its function
Superior orbital fissure
motor to all the extrinsic muscle of the eye apart form the lateral rectus and superior oblique
What part of the skull does the trochlear nerve pass though
what is its funciton
superior orbital fissure
What part of the skull does the Trigeminal nerve pass though
what is its function
Opthalamic - superior orbital fissure - sensation to scalp forehead and nose
Maxillary - foramen rotumdum - sensation to from lower eye to upper lip
Mandibular - foramen ovale - sensation to lower teeth and bottom of face, sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue as well as muscles of mastication
what part of the skull does the abducens nerve pass though
what is its function
superior orbital fissure
motor to the lateral rectus of the eye
what part of the skull does the facial nerve pass though
what is its function
internal acoustic meatus
special sensation of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue and motor to muscles of facial expression, parasympathetic to all glands apart from the parotid gland
what part of the skull does the vestibulocular nerve pass though
what is its function
internal acoustic meatus
special sensory of hearing and also maintainign balance
what part of the skull does the glossopharyngeal nerve pass though
function
jugular foramen
sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue and taste
supplies parotid gland
what part of the skull does the vagus nerve pass though
what is its function
jugular foramen
smooth muscles of pharynx larynx and most of GIT
what part of the skull does the accessory nerve pass though
what is its funciton
jugular foramen
motor to trapezius and SCM
what part of the skull does the hypoglossal nerve pas though
hypoglossal canal
supplies intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Label the cranial nerves as they come out of the brainstem
Label as much of the brainstem as you can
where does the partiod gland open to in the mouth
by the 2nd upper molar
what passes through the parotid gland
- Facial N (CR.N VII)
- External carotid artery
- Retromandibular (vein)
is parotid gland endocrine or exocrine
exocrine
which jugular vein travles over the SCM muscle
External jugual vein
what nerve roots make the ansa cervicalis
C1- C3
what are the nerve roots of the cervical plexus
C1 - C4
what open into the 3 meatus of nose (superior, middle and inferior)
what type of joint in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Synovial hinge
