Endocrine

Question 1

Where in the skull is the Pituitary gland

Answer 1

Hypophyseal fossa (pituitary fossa)

Question 2

Where does the anterior pituitary gland originate from

Answer 2

Oral ectoderm - Rathke’s Pouch

Question 3

Where does the posterior pituitary originate from

Answer 3

Hypothalamus - Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)

Question 4

What hormones are produces by the posterior pituitary

Answer 4

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 5

What are the lobes of the Pituitary gland

Answer 5

Anterior
Intermediate
Posterior

Question 6

What are the cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and what do they produce

Answer 6

Acidophils - Pink - GH and Prolactin
Basophils - Purple - ACTH, FH, LH, TSH
Chromophobes - No colour

Question 7

What is the name of the arteries that supply the pituitary gland

Answer 7

Hypophyseal arteries

Question 8

What hypophyseal arteries supply the anterior and posterior pituitary

Answer 8

Superior hypophyseal - anterior

Inferior hypophyseal - Posterior pituitary

Question 9

Where does the hypophyseal arteries orgionally come from

Answer 9

Internal carotid artery

Question 10

What is the function of Hypophyseal portal veins

Answer 10

They allow a connection to form between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary for the transport of releasing hormones to activate hormones in the anterior pituitary.

Question 11

Parts of the Thyroid Gland (draw)

Answer 11

Question 12

What part of the body is the top of the thyroid gland level with

Answer 12

lower boarder of thyroid cartilage

Question 13

At what level of tracheal rings is the isthmus of the thyroid placed

Answer 13

2nd - 3rd

Question 14

What two strap muscles of the neck pass over the thyroid

Answer 14

Sternothyroid, Sternohyoid

Question 15

What is the vertebral level of the Thyroid Gland

Answer 15

C5 - T1

Question 16

What are the arteries that supple the thyroid gland

Answer 16

1. Superior thyroid artery - from external carotid A

2. Inferior thyroid Artery - from thyrocervical branch of Subclavian A

Question 17

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland

Answer 17

Superior thyroid vein - drain into internal jugular
Middle thyroid vein - same
Inferior thyroid vein - Drain into brachiocephalic vein

Question 18

What is this

Answer 18

Thyroid gland

• Follicle are the round things - they have simple non-stratifies cubital epithelium
• The colloid is the bit in the middle
• There is also C cells (parafolicular cells) that make calcitonin

Question 19

What does the superior parathyroid gland develop from

Answer 19

fourth pharyngeal pouch

Question 20

what does the inferior parathyroid glands develop form

Answer 20

third pharyngeal pouch

Question 21

what is the blood supply to the parathyroid glands

Answer 21

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 22

What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid gland

Answer 22

They drain into the internal jugular veins

Question 23

What is this

Answer 23

Parathyroid gland - contains chief cells which are more in numbers and darker and also oxyphil cells which are lighter and less common. They both secrete PTH

Question 24

How are the suprarenal glands peritonised

Answer 24

Retroperitoneal

Question 25

What are the two main parts of the suprarenal glands (adrenal)

Answer 25

Cortex and Medulla

Question 26

What is the adrenal cortex derrived from embryologically

Answer 26

mesodermal epithelium

Question 27

what is the adrenal gland medulla derived from embryologically

Answer 27

Neuroectoderm

Question 28

What are the layers of the cortex of adrenal gland and what do they secrete

Answer 28

Zona Glomerulosa - Mineralcorticoids - aldosterone Zona Fasiculata - Glucosorticoids - Cortisol Zona Reticularis - Sex Steroids - Testosterone

Question 29

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete

Answer 29

Catecholamines - Adrenaline

Question 30

What is the arterial supple to the adrenal gland

Answer 30

1. Superior adrenal artery - Inferior phrenic A 2. Middle Adrenal Artery - Abdominal Aorta 3. Inferior Adrenal Artery - Renal Artery

Question 31

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal gland

Answer 31

The right adrenal vein veins into the IVC | The left adrenal vein drains into the left renal vein

Question 32

What is the innervation of the adrenal gland

Answer 32

Coeliac plexus and greater splanchnic nerves (T10 - L1)

Question 33

Where does the lymph drain into from the adrenal glands

Answer 33

Lumbar lymph nodes

Question 34

What is this

Answer 34

The Adrenal gland - Can see the 5 layers - outer tissue capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata and Zona Reticularis and the inner medula

Question 35

Draw and label the Pancreas

Answer 35

Question 36

How is the pancreas peritonised

Answer 36

Retroperitoneal

Question 37

At what vertebral level is the pancreas

Answer 37

L1 (transpyloric plane)

Question 38

What is the arterial blood supply to the pancreas

Answer 38

Pancreatic branches of splenic artery | The head of the pancreas gets (Superior and Inferior pancreatic duodenal artery )

Question 39

What is the venous drainage of the Pancreas

Answer 39

``` Head = Superior mesenteric branches of hepatic portal vein Rest = Pancreatic veins via splenic veins ```

Question 40

What is this

Answer 40

Pancreas

Question 41

Cell types found in pancreas and what they secrete

Answer 41

Alpha - Glucagon Beta - Insulin Delta - Somatostatin P / Gamma / F cells - Pancreatic cells