Head

Question 1

5 symptoms of facial nerve paralysis

Answer 1

1- displacement of nostril and lips toward normal side
2- dribbling saliva from corner of the mouth on the affected side
3- accumulation of food in the cheek pouch on affected side
4- lack of blink or corneal reflex
5- Ptosis due to paralysis of relatively large levator anguli oculi medialis (not in small animals)

Question 2

Routine opthalmic exam requires blocking of which nerve?

Answer 2

Palpebral and the sensory nerves around the orbit- frontal, infratrochlear, zygomatic, and lacrimal nn.

Question 3

Strangles

Answer 3

inhaled bacteria, contact of nasal discharge, localize in mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, enlarging them and causing obstruction to respiration and swallowing

Question 4

Mechanical papillae (3)

Answer 4

Filiform, conical, marginal

Question 5

Gustatory papillae (3)

Answer 5

Fungiform, valate, foliate

Question 6

How does infection from maxillary sinus reach the base of the brain?

Answer 6

travel via the caudal nasal vein/ethmoidal veins, which service the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. the blood then travels via the sphenopalantine vein into the emissary vein of the orbital fissure, which feeds into the cavernous venous sinus

Question 7

Fungal infection of the guttural pouch is called

Answer 7

mycosis

Question 8

Which animal has a pharyngeal diverticulum?

Answer 8

pig

Question 9

Hypsodont

Answer 9

Herbivore

Question 10

Brachydont

Answer 10

Complete eruption

Question 11

Cup

Answer 11

Dark brown/black cavity in infundibulum

Question 12

Dental Star

Answer 12

darker dentin that fills the pulp cavity as the tooth wears, dark yellow to brown

Question 13

Infundibulum (teeth)

Answer 13

deep invagination of enamel, which is filled with the cementum cup

Question 14

Aging cows by teeth

Answer 14

look at leveling - a tooth is level when he occlusal surface shows a smooth lingual convexity. A tooth becomes level because it is worn down so far that the ridges on the lingual surface have disappeared.

Question 15

Would an ear infection cause horner’s in a horse?

Answer 15

No! not related to tympanic bulla

Question 16

Would a guttural pouch infection potentially cause Horner’s?

Answer 16

Yes- postganglionics from cranial cervical ganglion traverse foramen lacerum to reach the eye

Question 17

Horner’s is more important in horse because of

Answer 17

sympathetics to nasal cavity vasculature- causes narrow airway due to vascular congestion (due to smooth muscle paralysis).
-Issue with sympathetics to head can cause difficulty breathing

Question 18

Why the arterial circle?

Answer 18

Dampens arterial pulse, ensures collateral circulatin even if one artery is blocked.

Question 19

Animals that lack internal carotid artery

Answer 19

Cow, Cat, Sheep, Goat

Question 20

Why is large ruminant sacrifice inhumane?

Answer 20

The vertebral artery continues to supply blood to the brain. Vertebral artery is protected and not cut during ritual sacrifice

Question 21

Occulsion of external rete during anesthesia with a mouth gag in cans can cause

Answer 21

temporary blindness

Question 22

Tying off both common carotid arteries in the dog (for nasal surgeries) may not result in brain damage, but in the cat such a procedure will result in significant brain damage.

Why?

Answer 22

In the dog, a greater proportion of blood to the brain can be directed via the vertebral artery if the common carotid artery is ligated. Cat’s brain depends mainly on the maxillary artery for its supply, with vertebral artery playing only a minor role.

Question 23

How are the tracts organized in the spinal cord? ascending vs. descending

Answer 23

The ascending tracts are more peripheral in location, descending
ones are more centrally located. All tracts are somatotopically organized

Question 24

All of the following qualify as the ‘lower motor neurons‘ (LMN) except:

Alpha motor neurons.
Gamma motor neurons.
Neurons in the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Neurons in nucleus ambiguus.
Neurons that form the vestibulospinal tract.

Answer 24

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 25

Final lymph collecting point

Answer 25

cranial deep cervical lymph node

Question 26

Make sure you palpate the Mandibular Lymph Center…

Answer 26

(the only

Palpable lymph center in the horse), rostromedial to Facial Vein