Head Flashcards
(26 cards)
5 symptoms of facial nerve paralysis
1- displacement of nostril and lips toward normal side
2- dribbling saliva from corner of the mouth on the affected side
3- accumulation of food in the cheek pouch on affected side
4- lack of blink or corneal reflex
5- Ptosis due to paralysis of relatively large levator anguli oculi medialis (not in small animals)
Routine opthalmic exam requires blocking of which nerve?
Palpebral and the sensory nerves around the orbit- frontal, infratrochlear, zygomatic, and lacrimal nn.
Strangles
inhaled bacteria, contact of nasal discharge, localize in mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes, enlarging them and causing obstruction to respiration and swallowing
Mechanical papillae (3)
Filiform, conical, marginal
Gustatory papillae (3)
Fungiform, valate, foliate
How does infection from maxillary sinus reach the base of the brain?
travel via the caudal nasal vein/ethmoidal veins, which service the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. the blood then travels via the sphenopalantine vein into the emissary vein of the orbital fissure, which feeds into the cavernous venous sinus
Fungal infection of the guttural pouch is called
mycosis
Which animal has a pharyngeal diverticulum?
pig
Hypsodont
Herbivore
Brachydont
Complete eruption
Cup
Dark brown/black cavity in infundibulum
Dental Star
darker dentin that fills the pulp cavity as the tooth wears, dark yellow to brown
Infundibulum (teeth)
deep invagination of enamel, which is filled with the cementum cup
Aging cows by teeth
look at leveling - a tooth is level when he occlusal surface shows a smooth lingual convexity. A tooth becomes level because it is worn down so far that the ridges on the lingual surface have disappeared.
Would an ear infection cause horner’s in a horse?
No! not related to tympanic bulla
Would a guttural pouch infection potentially cause Horner’s?
Yes- postganglionics from cranial cervical ganglion traverse foramen lacerum to reach the eye
Horner’s is more important in horse because of
sympathetics to nasal cavity vasculature- causes narrow airway due to vascular congestion (due to smooth muscle paralysis).
-Issue with sympathetics to head can cause difficulty breathing
Why the arterial circle?
Dampens arterial pulse, ensures collateral circulatin even if one artery is blocked.
Animals that lack internal carotid artery
Cow, Cat, Sheep, Goat
Why is large ruminant sacrifice inhumane?
The vertebral artery continues to supply blood to the brain. Vertebral artery is protected and not cut during ritual sacrifice
Occulsion of external rete during anesthesia with a mouth gag in cans can cause
temporary blindness
Tying off both common carotid arteries in the dog (for nasal surgeries) may not result in brain damage, but in the cat such a procedure will result in significant brain damage.
Why?
In the dog, a greater proportion of blood to the brain can be directed via the vertebral artery if the common carotid artery is ligated. Cat’s brain depends mainly on the maxillary artery for its supply, with vertebral artery playing only a minor role.
How are the tracts organized in the spinal cord? ascending vs. descending
The ascending tracts are more peripheral in location, descending
ones are more centrally located. All tracts are somatotopically organized
All of the following qualify as the ‘lower motor neurons‘ (LMN) except:
Alpha motor neurons.
Gamma motor neurons.
Neurons in the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Neurons in nucleus ambiguus.
Neurons that form the vestibulospinal tract.
Vestibulospinal tract
