HD6 Use of lab in diagnosis of infection Flashcards
What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, ________
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment
biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
What appropriate clinic information when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2)
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment
date/time of sample and pt location
What appropriate clinic information when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3)
4) Investigations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment
Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4)
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment
Investiagations required
What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5)
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment
Presenting C/O
What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6)
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment
Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7)
8) Current and past treatment
Allergies
What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing
1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment
What type of specimen has a green top?
2) What tests will be carried out on it?
1) viral swabs
2) PCR
What type of specimen has a yellow top?
2) What tests will be carried out on it?
1) clotted blood
2) for serology
Who registers and processes requests and tests for sent specimens?
Health care science assistant
Who performs examination and testing of the specimens?
Biomedical scientists
Who performs validation of examination of tested specimens?
Biomedical scientists
What system lets you know how long it will take the specimens to be processed?
UKAS manadgement system
what are the 3 specimen rejection criteria?
1) minimum essential info is missing from sample/request
2) sample and request info do not match
3) sample is unlabelled and unsuitable (e.g. wrong tube type)
why might you use the following test :
serology?
diagnosis of HIV/ Hep B
why might you use the following test :
mycobacteriology?
diagnosis of TB (mycobacterium, acid fast, carbol fuchsin)
why might you use the following test :
mycology?
diagnosis of fungal infections e.g. aspergillosis
why might you use the following test :
molecular diagnosis?
diagnosis of herpes virus PCR
which antibiotic or antibiotics is ther following resistant to:
CPE (MDR-coliforms)
carbapenem producing resistance (carbapenem is the last line of defense)
What does the MDR stand for in MDR-TB
multi drug resistant TB
what is the name of the acinetobacter that is resistant to three classes of antimicrobial agents — all penicillins and cephalosporins (including inhibitor combinations), fluroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.
MDR-Acinetobacter
what does this stand for
MRSA
methicillin resistant S.aureus
what does this stand for:
VRE
vancomycin resistant eneterococcus
What are coliforms resistant to?
last line of defence antibiotics (type 4 one)
Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:
- improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
- Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
- Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
- educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
- ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance
- reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:
- reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
- Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
- Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
- educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
- ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance
improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:
- reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
- improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
- Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
- educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
- ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance
Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:
- reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
- improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
- Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
- educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
- ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance
Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:
1. reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
2. improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
3. Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
4. Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
5. educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
6.
ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance
Put simply what are the 6 strategies to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics
- reduce use through better sanitation and immunisation
- Improve infection control and stewardship
- change behaviours for stewardship
- reduce use in agriculture which uses it at sub-therapeutic levels
- educate fro sustainable use
- ensure politcal commitment to fight the threat of antibiotic resistance
Put simply what are the 6 strategies to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics
- reduce use through better sanitation and immunisation
- Improve infection control and stewardship
- change behaviours for stewardship
- reduce use in agriculture which uses it at sub-therapeutic levels
- educate fro sustainable use
- ensure politcal commitment to fight the threat of antibiotic resistance
there are 6 groups of antibiotics. what is it group 3?
clozacillin
dicloxacillin
flucloxacillin
there are 6 groups of antibiotics. what is it group 6?
temocillin
what group within pencillins does this belong to: apalcillin aspoxicillin azlocillin carbenicillin mezolcillin piperacilllin Ticarcillin
5
what group within pencillins does this belong to:
amoxicillin
ampicllin
cliclacillin
4
what group within pencillins does this belong to:
clozacillin
dicloxacillin
flucloxacillin
3
what group within pencillins does this belong to: azidocillin phenethicillin phenoxymehtyl penicillin propicillin
2
what group within pencillins does this belong to: benzylpencillin ebnzathine penicillin clemizole penicllin Procaine penicillin
1
they affect cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase they are beta-lactams . They include:
2) What are is resistant to one of them? which one
3) are they bacteriostatic or batericidal?
1) pencillins, cephalosporins, cebapenems, monobactams
2) cephalosporins resistant to beta-lactamase
3) bactericidal
they affect bacterial cell walls by inhibiting murein polymer synthesis (transglycosidase). What is it?
2)are they bacteriostatic or batericidal?
vancomycin
2) bactericidal
they affect bacterial cell walls by affecting the plasma membrane:
2) are they bacteriostatic or batericidal?
polymixyn
and gramicidin
2) bacteriocidal
true or false:
Antibiotics act on prokaryotic biochemical targets that differ from those in eukaryotic cells
true
what antibiotic inihibits the biosyntheiss of tetrahydrofolate stopping part of the cell’s metabolism?
2) is it bacteriostatic or bactericidal
sulfonamides
2) bacteriostatic
which antibiotics inhibits 50s subunit of ribosomes?
2) is it bacteriostatic or bactericidal
linezolid, streptogramins, macrolides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin
2) bacteriostatic
which antibioric is a broad sprectrum bacteriostatic which accumulates in bacteria but not mammalian cells by binding reversibly to 16s on the 30s subunit of ribosomes?
tetracyclines
what forms tight bonds to the 30s subunit in ribosomes?
2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
1) aminoglycosides
2) bacteriocidal
what antibiotics binds to 16s on the 30s subunit of ribosomes?
2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
1) spectinomycin (tetracyclines also do reversibly bind)
2) both these are bacteriostatic
which antiobiotics are rifamycin derivatives that form a stable complex with DNA-dependent-RNA polymerase?
2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
rifampicin and rifabutin
2)bacteriocidal
what antibiotics are quinolones that inhibit topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase 2)
2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?
1) Nalidixc acid nad fluoroquinolones
2) bacteriocidal
what antibiotic are 3-9% of people cross-allergic to if they are allergic to pencillin?
cephalosporins
what 2 antibiotics are useful in upper respiratory tract infections?
2) what is there target?
tetracycline (binds reversibly to 16 s in 30s subunit)
macrolides inhibits the 50 s subunit
what do nitroimidazoles target?
2) when should you use this antibiotic?
3) what is another name for it?
• Target imidazole ring which is an important feature of many natural compounds with a wide range of biological activities
2) anaerobic bacterial infection
3) metronidazole
Guidelines:
if there is pus drain by an ___a___, tooth extraction or RCT. Send _B__ for microbiology
a) incision
b) pus
If there is a spreading infection ((1) indicated by what?) 2) what do you prescribe concomitant to the spreading infection?
3 ) what is the first line treatment for an abscess following drainage?
4) What else can be given instead of 1?
5) in severe infection what is given instead? as the first line?
6) What is given if they have a pecillin allergy?
1) lymoh node involvement or systemic signs i.e. fever and malaise
2) metronidazole
3) amoxicillin 500mg TDS(up to 5 days, review at 3rd day)
4) phenoxymethylpencillin 500 mg QDS (up to 5 days, review at 3rd day) ( the difference being this is not a broad spectrum antibiotic)
5) clindamycin 300mg QDS for 5 days
6) clarithromycin 500mg BD for up to 5 days (3rd day review)
