HD6 Use of lab in diagnosis of infection

Question 1

What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, ________
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment

Answer 1

biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample

Question 2

What appropriate clinic information when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2)
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment

Answer 2

date/time of sample and pt location

Question 3

What appropriate clinic information when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3)
4) Investigations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment

Answer 3

Requestor- name, consultant and contact details

Question 4

What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4)
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment

Answer 4

Investiagations required

Question 5

What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5)
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment

Answer 5

Presenting C/O

Question 6

What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6)
7) Allergies
8) Current and past treatment

Answer 6

Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions

Question 7

What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7)
8) Current and past treatment

Answer 7

Allergies

Question 8

What appropriate clinic infomation when sending a specimen request is missing

1) if suspected, biohazard hazard sticker must be attached to both request and sample
2) date/time of sample and pt location
3) Requestor- name, consultant and contact details
4) Investiagations required
5) Presenting C/O
6) Comorbidities- long term and chronic conditions
7) Allergies

Answer 8

8) Current and past treatment

Question 9

What type of specimen has a green top?

2) What tests will be carried out on it?

Answer 9

1) viral swabs

2) PCR

Question 10

What type of specimen has a yellow top?

2) What tests will be carried out on it?

Answer 10

1) clotted blood

2) for serology

Question 11

Who registers and processes requests and tests for sent specimens?

Answer 11

Health care science assistant

Question 12

Who performs examination and testing of the specimens?

Answer 12

Biomedical scientists

Question 13

Who performs validation of examination of tested specimens?

Answer 13

Biomedical scientists

Question 14

What system lets you know how long it will take the specimens to be processed?

Answer 14

UKAS manadgement system

Question 15

what are the 3 specimen rejection criteria?

Answer 15

1) minimum essential info is missing from sample/request
2) sample and request info do not match
3) sample is unlabelled and unsuitable (e.g. wrong tube type)

Question 16

why might you use the following test :

serology?

Answer 16

diagnosis of HIV/ Hep B

Question 17

why might you use the following test :

mycobacteriology?

Answer 17

diagnosis of TB (mycobacterium, acid fast, carbol fuchsin)

Question 18

why might you use the following test :

mycology?

Answer 18

diagnosis of fungal infections e.g. aspergillosis

Question 19

why might you use the following test :

molecular diagnosis?

Answer 19

diagnosis of herpes virus PCR

Question 20

which antibiotic or antibiotics is ther following resistant to:
CPE (MDR-coliforms)

Answer 20

carbapenem producing resistance (carbapenem is the last line of defense)

Question 21

What does the MDR stand for in MDR-TB

Answer 21

multi drug resistant TB

Question 22

what is the name of the acinetobacter that is resistant to three classes of antimicrobial agents — all penicillins and cephalosporins (including inhibitor combinations), fluroquinolones, and aminoglycosides.

Answer 22

MDR-Acinetobacter

Question 23

what does this stand for

MRSA

Answer 23

methicillin resistant S.aureus

Question 24

what does this stand for:

VRE

Answer 24

vancomycin resistant eneterococcus

Question 25

What are coliforms resistant to?

Answer 25

last line of defence antibiotics (type 4 one)

Question 26

Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:

2. improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
3. Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
4. Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
5. educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
6. ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance

Answer 26

1. reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization

Question 27

Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:

1. reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
3. Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
4. Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
5. educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
6. ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance

Answer 27

improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship

Question 28

Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:

1. reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
2. improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
4. Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
5. educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
6. ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance

Answer 28

Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship

Question 29

Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:

1. reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
2. improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
3. Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
5. educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
6. ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance

Answer 29

Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture

Question 30

Which strategy to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics is missing:
1. reduce the need of antibiotics through improved water, sanitation and immunization
2. improve hospital infection control and antibiotic stewardship
3. Change incentives that encourage antibiotic oversuse and misuse to incentives that encourage antibiotic stewardship
4. Reduce and eventually phase out subtherapeutic antibiotic use in agriculture
5. educate health professionals, policy matters, and the public on suitable antibiotic use
6.

Answer 30

ensure political commitment to meet the threat of antibiotic resistance

Question 31

Put simply what are the 6 strategies to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics

Answer 31

1. reduce use through better sanitation and immunisation
2. Improve infection control and stewardship
3. change behaviours for stewardship
4. reduce use in agriculture which uses it at sub-therapeutic levels
5. educate fro sustainable use
6. ensure politcal commitment to fight the threat of antibiotic resistance

Question 32

Put simply what are the 6 strategies to improve the effectiveness of antibiotics

Answer 32

1. reduce use through better sanitation and immunisation
2. Improve infection control and stewardship
3. change behaviours for stewardship
4. reduce use in agriculture which uses it at sub-therapeutic levels
5. educate fro sustainable use
6. ensure politcal commitment to fight the threat of antibiotic resistance

Question 33

there are 6 groups of antibiotics. what is it group 3?

Answer 33

clozacillin
dicloxacillin
flucloxacillin

Question 34

there are 6 groups of antibiotics. what is it group 6?

Answer 34

temocillin

Question 35

what group within pencillins does this belong to:
apalcillin
aspoxicillin
azlocillin
carbenicillin
mezolcillin
piperacilllin 
Ticarcillin

Answer 35

5

Question 36

what group within pencillins does this belong to:

amoxicillin
ampicllin
cliclacillin

Answer 36

4

Question 37

what group within pencillins does this belong to:
clozacillin
dicloxacillin
flucloxacillin

Answer 37

3

Question 38

what group within pencillins does this belong to:
azidocillin
phenethicillin
phenoxymehtyl penicillin
propicillin

Answer 38

2

Question 39

what group within pencillins does this belong to:
benzylpencillin
ebnzathine penicillin
clemizole penicllin
Procaine penicillin

Answer 39

1

Question 40

they affect cell wall synthesis by inhibiting transpeptidase they are beta-lactams . They include:

2) What are is resistant to one of them? which one
3) are they bacteriostatic or batericidal?

Answer 40

1) pencillins, cephalosporins, cebapenems, monobactams
2) cephalosporins resistant to beta-lactamase
3) bactericidal

Question 41

they affect bacterial cell walls by inhibiting murein polymer synthesis (transglycosidase). What is it?
2)are they bacteriostatic or batericidal?

Answer 41

vancomycin

2) bactericidal

Question 42

they affect bacterial cell walls by affecting the plasma membrane:
2) are they bacteriostatic or batericidal?

Answer 42

polymixyn
and gramicidin
2) bacteriocidal

Question 43

true or false:

Antibiotics act on prokaryotic biochemical targets that differ from those in eukaryotic cells

Answer 43

true

Question 44

what antibiotic inihibits the biosyntheiss of tetrahydrofolate stopping part of the cell’s metabolism?
2) is it bacteriostatic or bactericidal

Answer 44

sulfonamides

2) bacteriostatic

Question 45

which antibiotics inhibits 50s subunit of ribosomes?

2) is it bacteriostatic or bactericidal

Answer 45

linezolid, streptogramins, macrolides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin
2) bacteriostatic

Question 46

which antibioric is a broad sprectrum bacteriostatic which accumulates in bacteria but not mammalian cells by binding reversibly to 16s on the 30s subunit of ribosomes?

Answer 46

tetracyclines

Question 47

what forms tight bonds to the 30s subunit in ribosomes?

2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 47

1) aminoglycosides

2) bacteriocidal

Question 48

what antibiotics binds to 16s on the 30s subunit of ribosomes?
2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 48

1) spectinomycin (tetracyclines also do reversibly bind)

2) both these are bacteriostatic

Question 49

which antiobiotics are rifamycin derivatives that form a stable complex with DNA-dependent-RNA polymerase?
2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 49

rifampicin and rifabutin

2)bacteriocidal

Question 50

what antibiotics are quinolones that inhibit topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase 2)
2) bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Answer 50

1) Nalidixc acid nad fluoroquinolones

2) bacteriocidal

Question 51

what antibiotic are 3-9% of people cross-allergic to if they are allergic to pencillin?

Answer 51

cephalosporins

Question 52

what 2 antibiotics are useful in upper respiratory tract infections?
2) what is there target?

Answer 52

tetracycline (binds reversibly to 16 s in 30s subunit)

macrolides inhibits the 50 s subunit

Question 53

what do nitroimidazoles target?

2) when should you use this antibiotic?
3) what is another name for it?

Answer 53

• Target imidazole ring which is an important feature of many natural compounds with a wide range of biological activities

2) anaerobic bacterial infection
3) metronidazole

Question 54

Guidelines:

if there is pus drain by an ___a___, tooth extraction or RCT. Send _B__ for microbiology

Answer 54

a) incision

b) pus

Question 55

If there is a spreading infection ((1) indicated by what?) 2) what do you prescribe concomitant to the spreading infection?
3 ) what is the first line treatment for an abscess following drainage?
4) What else can be given instead of 1?
5) in severe infection what is given instead? as the first line?
6) What is given if they have a pecillin allergy?

Answer 55

1) lymoh node involvement or systemic signs i.e. fever and malaise
2) metronidazole
3) amoxicillin 500mg TDS(up to 5 days, review at 3rd day)
4) phenoxymethylpencillin 500 mg QDS (up to 5 days, review at 3rd day) ( the difference being this is not a broad spectrum antibiotic)
5) clindamycin 300mg QDS for 5 days
6) clarithromycin 500mg BD for up to 5 days (3rd day review)