HD1

Question 1

transactional nature of development

Answer 1

children affect their environment at the same that the their environment affects them

Question 2

Cultural influences

Answer 2

• culture influences every aspect of human development through childrearing beliefs and practices
• how and when babies are fed, where and with whom they sleep, customary response to crying, rules of discipline, developmental expectations

Question 3

Self regulation

Answer 3

• the growth of self-regulation is a corner-stone of early childhood development
• our biological and social existence depends on self regulation
• during development, manageable challenges promote healthy development
• unmanageable challenges (STRESS) may result in maladaptations
• individual differences in regulation abilities are based on biology and environment

Question 4

Children as active participants in development

Answer 4

• intrinsic drive to explore and master environment
• facilitated or hindered by environment
• powerful inborn tendencies are apparent from birth

Question 5

Relationships

Answer 5

• human relationships, and the effects of relationships are the building blocks of healthy development
• intimate and caring relationships are the fundamental mediators of successful human adaptation
• early relationships constitute the basic structure for development
• early childhood disturbances develop within the context of the care giving relationship

Question 6

Development

Answer 6

• can progress gradually, cumulatively, and continuously
• qualitative changes are accompanied by developmental transitions, major reorientation
• developmental transitions are periods of psychological disequilibrium

Question 7

Human development

Answer 7

• shaped by ongoing interplay among sources of vulnerability and sources of resilience
• development takes place within the tension between risk and protective factors’
• these can be located within the individual or within the environment

Question 8

early experiences matter!

Answer 8

• sensitive periods: times in development when specific structures or functions become especially susceptible to particular influences

Question 9

Developmental plasticity

Answer 9

• capacity of the brain to re-organize its structure or function in response to specific events. plasticity diminishes with age.

Question 10

intervention

Answer 10

the course of development can be changed in early childhood through effective intervention

Question 11

GASKINS

Answer 11

• patterns of social engagement in infants:
• expressing inner experience
• influencing another person
• gaining and exchanging information about the world
• infants are biologically social but also biologically cultural

Question 12

Brazelton and Cramer

Answer 12

• role of parental histories and fantasy in development
• parents inject meaning into infant behavior
• infant’s objective behavior VS. perceived behaviors (interpretations)
• injected meanings stem from parents own personal interpretation of the world
• colored by parent’s own history too!
• projection
• projections are universal and part of relationships
• help with empathy and bonding
• process by which child comes to enact the parent’s projections is called contagion
• parents communicate their fantasies, expectations and inner conflicts to child

Question 13

Brazelton and Cramer: three forms of parental fantasies

Answer 13

1) the baby as ghost, representing an important person from the parent’s past (unable to respond to actual baby)
2) reenactment of past modes of relationship
3) baby represents a part of the parent’s own unconscious

Question 14

Biopsychosocial Model

Answer 14

• development begins with biology as infant works to survive, adjust and thrive during early months. Development is then mediated through relationships and is therefore also psychological and socio-cultural
• shaped through relationship with caregivers
• development is biological, psychological, and social

Question 15

Trust Vs. Mistrust

Answer 15

• begins in the body but is clearly also a psychological and social concept, dependent on the quality of the infant/caregiver relationship

Question 16

Gradual Nature of Development

Answer 16

• as infant matures and engages in more complex ways with his environment, other psychological issues or conflicts emerge and are negotiated throughout the lifespan
• infant’s developmental potential is realized through interaction with a gradually widening social environment

Question 17

Society’s role in development

Answer 17

• society respects child’s growing readiness to interact with a widening social environment and to engage in increasing exposure to social interaction
• society is organized to protect and support the child’s unfolding potential for social interaction and developmental achievements

Question 18

crying curve

Answer 18

between 4-6 weeks, decreases around 6-7 weeks

Question 19

biobehavioral shifts

Answer 19

• a time of transformation or qualitative shift in the child’s relation to and experience of their environment, reflecting shifts in the central nervous system (biologically, socially, emotionally— things are changing!!)
• with each shift, comes qualitative changes in relationships, behavior, competencies, and the child’s role in their own developmental progression. In addition, each shift also produces changes in the caregiver’s role!
• disorganization before organization

Question 20

Sanders

Answer 20

birth to 2.5 months (initial adaptation)
2.5 to 5 months (reciprocal exchange)
5 to 9 months (early directed activities)
9 to 15 months (focalization on mother)
12 to 18 months (self-assertion)

Question 21

Emde

Answer 21

• saw biology as fundamental base for social and emotional development
• focused on infant-caregiver relationship
• believed that infant could not survive without consistent, committed intimate care
• saw infant development as synonymous with caregiving relationship
• child is biologically prepared for social interaction
• child is biologically prepared for potential of self-regulation
• parent is biologically prepared to socially interact and care for infant
• affect is important

Question 22

Emde’s shifts

Answer 22

2 months (awakening of sociability)
7 to 9 months (onset of focused attachment)
12 to 13 months (toddlerhood begins)
18 to 21 months (growing autonomy)

Question 23

temperament

Answer 23

• characteristic phenomena of an individual’s emotional nature
• biologically rooted individual differences in behavior tendencies
• relatively stable across various kinds of situations and over course of lifespan
• emotionality, inhibition, activity and sociability
• GOODNESS OF FIT between parental expectations and child’s characteristics

Question 24

shared meaning/intersubjectivity

Answer 24

• Stern
• begins to realize that one can share the content of his mind and read what is going on in minds of others
• 7-9 months
• sharing attention, sharing intentions, sharing affective states (inter-affectivity, affect attunement)
• a new world of experience and communication opens up with this
• new form of intimacy
  0 for both, there is a potential to know and to be known by the other

Question 25

Attachment theory

Answer 25

• warm sensitive care leads to independence as opposed to creating dependence (not “spoiling them”)
• helps parents move away from notion that picking up babies will spoil them, reinforces idea that it is natural to hold and cuddle distressed babies
• allows caregivers to see that the infant can communicate their needs
• differs from culture to culture