Cognitive Development Flashcards
1
Q
0-6 months
A
- capable of imitating facial gestures
- can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar faces
- capable of numerosity
- capable of certain types of memory
- language learning begins
- struggles to get objects out of reach (3-6 months)
- explores the world (4-6 months)
2
Q
6-12 months
A
- acquires notion of object permanence
- memory improving
- attempts to use objects “correctly” (8-15 months)
- explores objects in many different ways (shaking, banging, throwing, dropping)
- Peek a Boo!
3
Q
12-24 months
A
- recognizes the different between self and other people
- recognizes own facial features (15-24 mon)
- may show an interest in potty training (16-25 months)
- beginning of pretend play! (18 months)
4
Q
2-3 years
A
- pretend play includes symbolic use of objects (24-36 months)
- develops an understanding of others’ intentions and goals
- capable of completing puzzles with 3-4 pieces
capable of some deception (28 months)
5
Q
3-5 years
A
- inventive fantasy play
- capable of approaching problems from a single perspective
- verbal knowledge of a few numbers (30 months)
- can correctly name some colors (40 -48 months)
- verbally count objects
- clearer sense of time
- capable of lying
- realizes others may have different views
6
Q
Piaget (six substages of sensory motor stage)
A
- basic reflexes
- primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
- secondary circular reaction (4-8 months)
- coordination of SCR (8-12 months)
- Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 mon)
- Mental combinations (18-24 months)
7
Q
primary circular reactions
A
1-4 months
- reproducing a chance event
- initiating an action
- activities involve only the infant’s own body and are endlessly repeated
- finger sucking/watching one’s own hand
8
Q
secondary circular reactions
A
4-8 months
- procedures are developed to make interesting sights last
- reactions involve events or objects in the external world
- shaking a rattle to hear the noise
9
Q
coordination of secondary schemes
A
8-12 months
- two or more previously acquired schemes are combined to obtain a goal
- acts become intentional
ex) reaching behind a cushion to get a ball
10
Q
tertiary circular reactions
A
12-18 months
- trial and error behavior begins
- goal seeking activities
- movements are purposely varied
- results observed
ex) pulling pillow nearer in order to get toy resting on it
11
Q
invention of new means through mental combinations
A
18-24 months - mental combinations - representational thought begins - ex) using a stick to reach a desired object USING tools to get objects now!
12
Q
cognition
A
something that cannot be specifically viewed or calculated, but rather inferred from behaviors that are observed
- changes in structures/functions that develop over time
- affected by values, education, society in which they grow up in, culture, child’s self regulation processes
- dependent on context!
13
Q
Vygotsky
A
- learning leads development, learning happens through interactions with people
- adults help shape child’s learning
- emphasizes role of social interaction and specific cultural practices
- zone of proximal development!
gap between a child’s current performance and potential performance with guidance from someone more skilled - scaffolding - hints of cues to help them solve a problem, support by adult but permit child to complete task within his range of competence
14
Q
Piaget
A
- distinct stages children go through to gain cognitive skills
15
Q
object permanence
A
knowledge that objects have an existence in time and space independent of one’s perception or action on those objects
- develops between 7-9 months
- progression of complex displacements and holding image in mind though!
16
Q
Theory of mind
A
18 months- start to learn that other’s desires may differ from own
2 yrs: develop empathy
3 yrs: take others’ perspectives into consideration
17
Q
Symbolic thinking
A
- allows for fantasy and pretend play, allows for language to be used to represent experience, ideas, communicate with others and direct thinking processes
- understand words represent things
ex) block is a car in play
18
Q
Piaget’s pre-operational stage
A
- 2-6 years
- ability to use mental representations to think about the world, representational thought-symbolic thought
- can think about things that are not present
- reasoning not yet logical or systematic
- still egocentric
- pretend play
- language allows for different thoughts and ideas
- longer attention span
- memory improving
- animistic thinking
- irreversibility
- perception bound thought
- centration (center on one aspect and neglect others)
19
Q
Scripts
A
- develop generalized representations of sequence of events and routines (2-6 yrs)
20
Q
Play
A
- play has themes, scripts, roles which show a child’s acquisition
- play gets more elaborate, complex and abstract with age/maturation
21
Q
Magical thinking
A
- trouble distinguishing what is real and what is pretend
22
Q
Social Cognitive Theory
A
Bandura
- learning by imitating others, children learn important social behaviors by watching relationships with others
23
Q
5-7 year shift
A
changes in frontal lobe, giving a better understanding of self and more complex understanding of feelings
24
Q
Concrete Operational Stage
A
- piaget
- 7-11 years old
- shifts actions to thought
- can think logically about objects and events
- classifies objects according to several features
- thoughts more logical and flexible
- fantasy fades to realistic thoughts
- meta memory
- meta cognition
- conservation (stay the same even when they are changed to make it look different)
- decentration
- reversibility (think through steps and go backward)
- seriation
- transitive inference
