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1
Q

which part of the embryo is the area responsible for creation of m / f reproductive system? [1]

A

genital ridge

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2
Q

which gene is responsible for the testes? [1]

A

SRY gene

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3
Q

where does motility of spertatozoa occur? [1]

A

in the epididymis

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4
Q

what is the name of for the loss of acrosome on sperm? [1]

where does this occur? [1]

A

capatication; in the female genital tract

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5
Q

the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?

nucleus
ribosome
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome

A

the sperm acrosome is formed which organelle?

nucleus
ribosome
SER
golgi apparatus
lysosome

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6
Q

what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

A

what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

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7
Q

what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

A

what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

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8
Q

label 1-5 of blastocyst leaving the zona pellucida

A
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9
Q

which of the following is the gonadal ridge?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

A

which of the following is the gonadal ridge?

1
2
3
4
5
6
​7

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10
Q

which of the following is the primordial germ cells?

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

A

which of the following is the primordial germ cells?

1
2
3
4
5
6 red dots
7

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11
Q

which of the following is the spermatids?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the spermatids?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

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12
Q

which of the following is the sertoli cells?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the sertoli cells?

A
B
C
D
E
F

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13
Q

which of the following is the 1ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

A

which of the following is the 1ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
​F

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14
Q

which of the following is the spermatozoa?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the spermatozoa?

A
B
C
D
E
F

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15
Q

which of the following is the 2ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
F

A

which of the following is the 2ary spermatocytes?

A
B
C
D
E
F

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16
Q

which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?

K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
HCO3-

A

which ion is associated of with acrosome reaction / fusion of egg & sperm?

K+
Na+
Cl-
Ca2+
HCO3-

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17
Q

which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

A

which part of prostate gland do most carnicomas arise from?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

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18
Q

which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

A

which part of prostate gland undergoes hyperplasia?

Central zone
Peripheral zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

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19
Q

label A-C

A

A: corpus spongiosum
B: corpora cavernosa
C: Tunica albuginea

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20
Q

which week of germatogensis origin and migration is testosterone released which introduces male gonadal development?

week 4
week 5
week 6
week 7
week 8

A

which week of germatogensis origin and migration is testosterone released which introduces male gonadal development?

week 4
week 5
week 6
week 7
​week 8

gonadal ridge is neither male nor female but at week 7 testosterone is formed which introduces male gonadal development. Testosterone determining factor is coded for on the Y chromosome. Therefore, if you have the Y chromosome it will produce testosterone determining factor and male gonadal differentiation can begin.

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21
Q

In which part of the Fallopian tube does fertilisation most commonly occur?

Isthmus
Ampulla
Fimbrae
Infundibulum

A

In which part of the Fallopian tube does fertilisation most commonly occur?

Isthmus
Ampulla
Fimbrae
Infundibulum

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22
Q

which structure covers the pelvic viscera? [1]

A

which structure covers the pelvic viscera? [1]
peritoneum

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23
Q

what is the name for the peritoneum that covers the uterus? [1]

A

what is the name for this part of the ^ ? [1]
broad ligament

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24
Q

which ligaments are found in the pelvic viscera? of women [3]

A

round ligament: The round ligaments support and anchor the uterus.

ovarian ligament: which connects the ovary to the uterus.

suspensory ligament provides support also, and this carries the ovarian vasculature within it.

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25
Q

label A

A

round ligament of uterus

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26
Q

which of the following is A?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is A?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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27
Q

which of the following is B?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is B?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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28
Q

which of the following is C?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is C?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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29
Q

which of the following is D?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
broad ligament

A

which of the following is D?

suspensory ligament
uterosacral ligament
ovarian ligament
​broad ligament

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30
Q

where are the two areas which have clinical significance as this may be the first location fluid accumulates within the abdomen/pelvis if there is pathology [2]?

A

vesicouterine pouch
rectouterine pouch

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31
Q

which artery does the uterus receive its blood supply from? [1]
what does this branch into? [1]

where does the ovarian artery originate from? [1]

A

uterine artery (supplies uterus) –> vaginal artery

where does the ovarian artery originate from? [1]
abdominal artery

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32
Q

which structure does ovarian artery travel in? [1]

A

which structure does ovarian artery travel in? [1]
suspensory ligament

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33
Q

which arteries provicde blood supply to fallopian tube? [2]

A

which arteries provicde blood supply to fallopian tube? [2]
ovarian artery
uterine artery

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34
Q

label A-C

A

A: suspensory ligament of ovary
B: ovary artery
C: uterine artery

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35
Q

what is A [1]

A

trigone of bladder

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36
Q

Most of the skeletal muscles contained in the perineum and pelvic floor, including the external anal sphincter and external urethral sphincter, are innervated by spinal cord levels WHAT?

Much of the somatic motor and sensory innervation of the perineum is provided by the WHAT nerve? [1]

A

spinal levels: S2-S4

Much of the somatic motor and sensory innervation of the perineum is provided by the pudendal nerve [1]

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37
Q

describe the path of pudendal nerve

A

The pudendal nerve leaves the pelvic cavity through the greater sciatic foramen and then immediately enters the perineum inferiorly to the pelvic floor by passing around the ischial spine and through the lesser sciatic foramen.

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38
Q

How is the normal position of the uterus described? [2]

A

Acceptable responses: Anterverted and anteflexed, anteverted anteflexed, anteflexed anteverted, anteflexed and Anterverted

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39
Q

which of the following is the cervix?

1
2
3
4
5

A

which of the following is the cervix?

1
2
3
4
5

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40
Q

which of the following is the posterior fornix?

1
2
3
4
5

A

which of the following is the posterior fornix?

1
2
3
4
5

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41
Q

which of the following is the bladder?

1
2
3
4
5

A

which of the following is the bladder?

1
2
3
4
5

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42
Q

which of the following is the uterus?

1
2
3
4
5

A

which of the following is the uterus?

1
2
3
4
5

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43
Q

Where does implantation occur in a normal pregnancy?

Uterus
Cervix
Fallopian Tube
Ovary

A

Where does implantation occur in a normal pregnancy?

Uterus
Cervix
Fallopian Tube
​Ovary

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44
Q

Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?

The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation

A

Why is an ectopic pregnancy dangerous?

The foetus will be squashed
Ectopic sites cannot expand and so rupture
Ectopic sites have other functions which are impaired by implantation

The main risk of ectopic pregnancies are that ectopic sites (usually the Fallopian tube) cannot expand to the same extent as the uterus, and the site ruptures, resulting in extensive haemorrhage.

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45
Q

Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage? [2]

Uterine artery

Superior vesicular artery

Ovarian artery

Vaginal artery

Internal pudendal artery

A

Cho’s ectopic pregnancy is implanted in the Fallopian tube. If this site ruptures, what arteries will be the source of the haemorrhage?

Uterine artery

Superior vesicular artery

Ovarian artery

Vaginal artery

Internal pudendal artery

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46
Q

Sympathetic stimulation on the bladder results in:

Relaxation
Contraction

A

Sympathetic stimulation on the bladder results in:

Relaxation
Contraction

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47
Q

what are the different regions of the male urethra? [4]

A
  1. preprostatic urethra: is the shortest and extends from the bladder neck to the prostate. Surrounding the urethra at this level is the internal urethral sphincter.
  2. prostatic urethra is the region which passes through the prostate, and the ejaculatory and prostatic ducts drain into it at this level.
  3. membranous urethra passes through the deep perineal pouch, and is encircled by the external urethral sphincter. Finally, the
  4. spongy urethra is the longest part, travelling through the corpus spongiosum of the penis and terminating at the external urethral meatus.
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48
Q

which part of the male urethra has the external urethral meatus?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which part of the male urethra has the external urethral meatus?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
​preprostatic urethra:

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49
Q

which part of the male urethra is the longest?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which part of the male urethra is the longest?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

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50
Q

which part of the male urethra is the shortest?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which part of the male urethra is the shortest?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra

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51
Q

label A-C xx

A

A: corpus cavernosum
B: corpus spongiosum
C: urethra

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52
Q

which part of the male urethra is home to the internal urethral sphincter?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra

A

which part of the male urethra is home to the internal urethral sphincter?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra

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53
Q

what is the function of the internal sphincter with regards to ejaculation? [1]

A

The internal sphincter has the additional function of contracting during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation into the bladder.

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54
Q
A
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55
Q

which is the most common site for prostate cancer?

central
peripheral
transitional (periurethral)
fibromuscular

A

which is the most common site for prostate cancer?

central
peripheral
transitional (periurethral)
​fibromuscular

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56
Q

label 1-7 xx

A

1: ureter
2. vas deferens
3: bladder
4: seminal vesicle
5: prostate
6: corpus cavernosum
7: corpuus spongiosum

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57
Q

which of the following is the vas deferens

1
2
3
4
5

A

which of the following is the vas deferens

1
2
3
4
5

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58
Q

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

A

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

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59
Q

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

A

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

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60
Q

how long after fertilisation occurs does the blastocyst implant into the uterine endometrium? [1]

A

day 8-9

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61
Q

which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?

LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
​hCG

A

which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?

LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
​hCG

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62
Q

which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?

​uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
endometrium

A

which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?

​uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterine cavity
cervix
endometrium

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63
Q

the molecules that are thought are important to be a success in successful implantation are:
what are their roles?

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) -

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) -

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -

Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) -

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)

A

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) - converts AA to PGE2 promotes invasion and decidualisation

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) - involved in attachment and invasion

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - involved in angiogenesis

Human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) - inhibits antigen-specific lymphocyte response & decreases NK cell function

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) - regulated by IFNs to promote anti-proliferative effects

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) - regulates invasion and proliferation

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64
Q

as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred

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65
Q

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • ## what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
A

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG**
  • what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
  • *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -> turns into deicuda**
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66
Q

label A-C

A

A: oestrogen
B: progesterone
C: hCG

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67
Q

which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?

cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum

A

which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?

cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum

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68
Q

what happens if the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positve?

i) in the first pregnancy [1]
ii) second pregnancy [1]

A

If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive:

the RBC that pass through into the fetus will sensitise the fetus system,

i) first pregnancy nothing happens
ii) the second pregnancy the antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells.

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69
Q

which of the following is determined in fetal development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

A

which of the following is determined in fetal development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

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70
Q

which of the following is determined at fertilisation

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

A

which of the following is determined at fertilisation

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

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71
Q

which of the following is determined during embryonic development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

A

which of the following is determined during embryonic development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

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72
Q

which of the following is determined during puberty

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

A

which of the following is determined during puberty

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

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73
Q

which two hormones cause the production of wolffian ducts? [2]

A
  • *mullerian inhib factor (**from sertoli cells)
  • *testes determining factor** (from leydig cells)
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74
Q

when does differention into male / female occur?

week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
​week 10

A

when does differention into male / female occur?

week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
​week 10

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75
Q

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
​LH

A

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
​LH

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76
Q

label A & B [2]

A

A: gubernaculum testis
B: vaginal process

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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

which of the following is home to the cremaster muscle?

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

what is the function of cremaster muscle? [1]

A

which of the following is home to the cremaster muscle?

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

cremaster.: smooth muscle. retract the testes [1]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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78
Q

which of the following is home to the external spermatic fascia?

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

A

which of the following is home to the external spermatic fascia?

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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79
Q

which of the following is home to the internal spermatic fascia?

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

A

which of the following is home to the internal spermatic fascia?

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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80
Q

which of the following is the bladder?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the bladder?

A
B
C
D
E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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81
Q

which of the following is one of the ureters?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is one of the ureters?

A
B
C
D
​E

How well did you know this?
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82
Q

which of the following is the bladder?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the bladder?

A
B
C
D
E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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83
Q

which of the following is one of the seminal vesicle?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is one of the seminal vesicle?

A
B
C
D
E

84
Q

which of the following is the vas deferens?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the vas deferens?

A
B
C
D
E

85
Q

which of the following is the prostate?

A
B
C
D
E

A

which of the following is the prostate

A
B
C
D
E

86
Q

where is prostate in relation to bladder?

superior
​inferior
lateral
medial

A

where is prostate in relation to bladder?

superior
​inferior
lateral
medial

87
Q

label the different parts of the fallopian tube

A
88
Q

which is the most common site of fertilisation in fallopian tube?

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
fimbrae

A

which is the most common site of fertilisation in fallopian tube?

infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
​fimbrae

89
Q

name this structure [1]

A

ureters

90
Q

name this structure [1]

A

bladder

91
Q

name this structure [1]

A

external urethral sphincter

92
Q

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

93
Q

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

A

which of the following is the green?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra:

94
Q

which hormone peaks at ovulation?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

A

which hormone peaks at ovulation?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

95
Q

which hormone causes endometrial thickening?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

A

which hormone causes corpus luteum formation?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

96
Q

which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

A

which hormone causes oestrogen levels to rise?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

97
Q

which of following is A?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

A

which of following is A?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

98
Q

which of following is C?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

A

which of following is C?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

99
Q

which of following is B?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

A

which of following is B?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

100
Q

which of following is D?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

A

which of following is D?

LH
FSH
Oestrogen
Progesterone
​Testosterone

101
Q

the combined pill is a combination of which two hormones? [2]

A

oestrogen and progesterone

102
Q

which type of contraception works by being spermicidal?

IUD
combined pill
progesterone only pill
copper coil
pull out method

A

which type of contraception works by being spermicidal?

IUD
combined pill
progesterone only pill
copper coil
pull out method

103
Q

which hormone does the IUS cause contraception by elevating levels of?

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
ADH

A

which hormone does the IUS cause contraception by elevating levels of?

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
​ADH

104
Q

the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
​ADH

A

the emergency pill causes a big bleed because of an increased level of:

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
​ADH

105
Q

changes in peripheral vascular resistance occurs in pregnancy because of an increase of

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
​ADH

A

changes in peripheral vascular resistance occurs in pregnancy because of an increase of

LH
FSH
oestrogen
progesterone
​ADH

106
Q

which hormones regulate development of non-pregnany mammary glands [2]

how does pregnant mammary glands change? [3] due to which hormones? !! [3]

A

which hormones regulate development of non-pregnany mammary glands [2]
progesterone
oestrogen

how does pregnant mammary glands change?
lobular ductal-alveolar system undergoes hypertrophy
adipose tissue deposition
proliferation of ducts

due to:
estradoil
progesterone
placental peptide hormone
(growth hormone and prolactin may also have a role)

108
Q

which hormone initiates milk production?

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone

A

which hormone initiates milk production?

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone

109
Q

which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue? [2]

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone

A

which hormones inhibit secretrory acitivity of mammary tissue?

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone

lactogensis occurs by fall in ^^ levels

110
Q

milk ejection / suckling relfex is triggered by

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin
progesterone

A

milk ejection / suckling relfex is triggered by

prolactin
FSH
oestrogen
oxytocin: released in reponse to contraction. causes contraction of myoepithelial cells
progesterone

111
Q

which hormones cause the creation of the corpus luteum? [2]

when during the menstrual cycle does it develop? [1]

A

LH and FSH

after ovulation

112
Q

the corpus luteum causes the development of which hormone? [1]

A

progesterone

113
Q

what happens during the menstrual cycle when FSH and LH fall? [1]

A

FSH and LH fall, the corpus luteum degenerates

Degeneration of the corpus luteum results in loss of progesterone production.

The subsequent falling level of progesterone triggers menstruation and the entire cycle begins again

114
Q

Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false?

Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak.

Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop.

Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after.

A

Which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is false?

Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

Menstruation occurs just after LH and FSH levels peak.

Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop.

Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise after.

115
Q
A
116
Q

Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?

LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries.

Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken.

Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles.

Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol

A

Which of the following statements about hormone regulation of the female reproductive cycle is false?

LH and FSH are produced in the pituitary, and estradiol and progesterone are produced in the ovaries.

Estradiol and progesterone secreted from the corpus luteum cause the endometrium to thicken.

Both progesterone and estradiol are produced by the follicles.

Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by low levels of estradiol but stimulated by high levels of estradiol

117
Q

during developement

when is the embryonic period?
when is the foetal period?

A

during developement

when is the embryonic period: 3-8 weeks
when is the foetal period: 8-38 weeks

118
Q

which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?

A
B
C

A

which of the following is the cytotrophoblast?

A
B
​C

119
Q

which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?

A
B
​C

A

which of the following is the will develop into a blastocyst?

A
B
​C

120
Q

which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?

A
B
C

A

which of the following is the syncytiotrophoblasts ?

A
B
C

121
Q

what do trophoblats differentiate into? [2]

A

The trophoblasts differentiate into the cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts

122
Q

which of the following is the primitive streak

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the primitive streak

A
B
C
D

123
Q

which of the following is the endoderm

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the endoderm

A
B
C
D

124
Q

which of the following is the mesoderm

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the mesoderm

A
B
C
D

125
Q

which of the following is the epiblast

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the ectoderm

A
B
C
D

126
Q

which of the following is the pubococcygeus

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the pubococcygeus

A
B
C
D
​

127
Q

which of the following is the coccygeus

A
B
C
D
​

A

which of the following is the coccygeus

A
B
C
D
​

128
Q

which of the following is the puborectalis

A
B
C
D

A

which of the following is the puborectalis

A
B
C
D
​

129
Q

which of the following is the iliococcygeus

A
B
C
D
​

A

which of the following is the iliococcygeus

A
B
C
D
​

130
Q

which of the following is most anterior

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
coccygeus
iliococcygeus

A

which of the following is most anterior

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
​coccygeus
iliococcygeus

131
Q

which of the following is most posterior levator ani muscle?

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
​coccygeus
iliococcygeus

A

which of the following is most posterior levator ani muscle?

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
​coccygeus
iliococcygeus

138
Q

which of the following is most posterior ?

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
​coccygeus
iliococcygeus

A

which of the following is most posterior ?

puborectalis
pubococcygeus
​coccygeus
iliococcygeus

139
Q

label A-C

A

A: **endometrium

B: myometrium

C: perimetrium**

140
Q
A
141
Q

which muscle is highlighted here? [1]

A

piriformis

142
Q

label A-F

A

A - coccygeus

B - iliococcygeus

C - pubococcygeus

D - puborectalis

E - tendinous arch of levator ani

F - obturator internus

143
Q

What is the nerve supply to gluteus maximus? [1]

A

inferior gluteal nerve

144
Q

Gluteus medius and minimus receive oxygenated blood from which vessel? [1]

A

Acceptable responses: Superior gluteal, Superior gluteal artery

145
Q

combination of which two molecules induces spermatogenesis? [2]

A

testosterone and androgen binding protein

    • Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates FSH & LH from AP
  • LH stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells*
  • •Main target of testosterone and pituitary FSH are Sertoli cells*
  • •Sertoli cells then secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) and tubular fluid*
  • •ABP binds to testosterone & carries it to area of seminiferous tubule where it stimulates spermatogenesis*
146
Q

which of the following is the sertoli cell?

1
3
4
7
8

A

which of the following is the sertoli cell?

1
3
4
7
8

147
Q

which of the following is the mature sperm?

1
3
4
7
8

A

which of the following is the mature sperm?

1
3
4
7
8

148
Q

sperm deposition and transport:

  • where is sperm depositied in the female? [1]
  • what characterisitc of female genital tract assists sperm movement? [1]
  • how long goes sperm transport to uterus take? [1]
  • what happens to sperm during transport to uterus? [2]
A

sperm deposition and transport:

  • where is sperm depositied in the female? [1]
  • *cervical os**
  • what characterisitc of female genital tract assists sperm movement? [1]
  • *ciliated surface of cervical os**
  • how long goes sperm transport to uterus take? [1]
  • *2-7 hrs**
  • what happens to sperm during transport to uterus? [2]
    capacitation;
    sperm become hyperactive and sensitive to surrounding signals
149
Q

how many days after ovulation does blastocyte attach to uterine wall? [1]

A

7-9 days

150
Q

what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

A

what stage of zygotic division is the blastocyst formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

151
Q

what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

A

what stage of zygotic division is the morula formed?

2-4
4-8
8-16
16-32
32-64

152
Q

label 1-5 of blastocyst leaving the zona pellucida

A
153
Q

what are the the future roles of the trophoblast cells and pluriblast cells of morula? [2]

A

what are the the future roles of the trophoblast cells and pluriblast cells of morula? [2]

trophoblast cells: attach of embryo to uterus

pluriblast cells: future embryo

154
Q

which cells form the blood-testis barrier?

A

sertoli cells

155
Q

label A & B of seminiferous tubule

A

A: sertoli cell
B: leydig cell

156
Q

label A & B

A

A: Leydig cells
B: Reinke crystals

157
Q

what type of cell is A? [1]

how can you tell? [1]

what is the function of A? [1]

A

what type of cell is A? [1]
leydig

how can you tell? [1]
clear cytoplasm

what is the function of A? [1]
The Leydig cells make and secrete testosterone, in response to lutenising hormone from the pituitary.

158
Q

where does fertilisation usually take place?

uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
endometrium

A

where does fertilisation usually take place?

uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterus
cervix
endometrium

159
Q

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

A

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst enter the uterus?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

160
Q

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

A

how long after fertilisation occurs in the fallopian tubes doe the blastocyst hatch?

3 days
4 days
5 days
6 days
7 days

161
Q

how long after fertilisation occurs does the blastocyst implant into the uterine endometrium? [1]

A

day 8-9

162
Q

which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?

LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
​hCG

A

which hormone causes maternal recognition of the pregnancy?

LH
FSH
oestrogen
testosterone
​hCG

163
Q

which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?

uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterine cavity
cervix
endometrium

A

which part of the female genital tract does apposition occur in?

uterine tubues / fallopian tubes
vagina
uterine cavity
cervix
endometrium

164
Q

which cellular layer froms the barrier betwen maternal and fetal circulation? [1]

A

villous trophoblast

165
Q

which cell types causes the increase in size of spiral arteries during placental development? [1]

explain how this occurs [2]

A

cytotrophoblasts (after invading through syncytiotrophoblasts)

replaces the endothelium and smooth muscle of the arteries with themselves (i.e. trophoblasts).

166
Q
A
167
Q

as soon as implantation has occured, WHICH cells secreted WHICH hormone? [2]

A

Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG as soon as implantation has occurred1

168
Q

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
A

If fertilisation and implantation occurs:

  • what happens to the corpus luteum (due to which hormone) [2]
  • *corpus luteum does not degenerate; due to hCG**
  • what happens to progestorone levels (and why) [2]
  • *maintained bc of maintence of corpus luteum -> turns into deicuda**
169
Q

label A-C

A

A: oestrogen
B: progesterone
C: hCG

170
Q

describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]

A

describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
peaks at 8 weeks then drops

what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone

171
Q

describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]

A

describe the levels of hCH during pregnancy [1]
peaks at 8 weeks then drops

what is the luteal:placental shift? [1] what does it signify? [1]
when hCG levels drop and cross over with progesterone - hCG is replaced by progestorone

172
Q

which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?

cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum

A

which area does ectopic pregnancy usually occur?

cervix
uterus
oviduct
fallopian tube
infudibulum

173
Q

what do the umbilical vein and arteries carry? [2]

A

The umbilical vein, coming back from the placenta, will be oxygenated and therefore red which is unlike veins

2 umbilical arteries which is the waste and CO2,etc from the baby being delivered to the placenta.

174
Q

what is the decidua?

what are the three different regions? [3]

A

decidua is the specialized layer of endometrium that forms the base of the placental bed.

Decidua basalis – is beneath the implantation site

Decidua capsularis – is the layer that covers the developing embryo

Decidua parietalis – is the remaining endometrium

175
Q

what happens if the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positve?

i) in the first pregnancy [1]
ii) second pregnancy [1]1

A

If the mother is rhesus negative and the fetus is rhesus positive:

the RBC that pass through into the fetus will sensitise the fetus system,

i) first pregnancy nothing happens
ii) the second pregnancy the antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal red blood cells.

176
Q
A
177
Q

name 3 things that placenta will allow through [3]

A

IgG antibodies

Hormones

Antibiotics

Sedatives

Some viruses, eg rubella

Some organisms, eg treponema pallida (syphilis)

178
Q
A

Normally ‘foreign‘ cells express particular human leukocyte antigens recognised by ‘host’ immune system so cells rejected. Trophoblast cells express HLA G. This is not recognised by ‘host’ immune system so cells not rejected

Infiltrating leucocytes secrete IL-2 which regulates the immune system

179
Q

which of the following is determined in fetal development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

A

which of the following is determined in fetal development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

180
Q

which of the following is determined at fertilisation

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

A

which of the following is determined at fertilisation

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

181
Q

which of the following is determined during embryonic development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

A

which of the following is determined during embryonic development

genetic sex
gondal development
development of sex-specific internal ducts and external genitalia
secondary sex characteristics

182
Q
A
183
Q

what are the different types of mesenchymal cells in male and female? [2]

A 
male = **leydig cells**
female = **stromal cells**
184
Q
A
185
Q

when does differention into male / female occur?

week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
week 10

A

when does differention into male / female occur?

week 6
week 7
week 8
week 9
​week 10

have both the mullerian duct and wollfian duct up to 7 weeks - then differentation occurs

186
Q

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH

A

which hormone controls the formation of external genitalia?

testosterone
MIF
DHT
cHG
LH

187
Q

which part of the urethrea do the common ejaculatory ducts open into?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra

A

which part of the urethrea do the common ejaculatory ducts open into?

membranous urethra
spongy urethra
prostatic urethra
preprostatic urethra

188
Q

where is prostate in relation to bladder?

superior
​inferior
lateral
medial

A

where is prostate in relation to bladder?

superior
​inferior
lateral
medial

189
Q

what are the 4 parts of sexual development? [4]

A

1. Genetic sex
‐ Chromosomal composition: XX or XY

‐ Determined at fertilization, yet this doesn’t mean the organs have developed as male or female at this stage

  1. G_onadal development_
    ‐ Development of testes or ovaries

‐ Defined during embryonic development

3. Development of the sex‐specific internal ducts and external genitalia

‐ Hormone dependent
‐ Defined during fetal development

4.Secondary sex characteristics

‐ Defined at puberty

190
Q

what is A & B?

A 
A = genital ridges
B = hindgut
192
Q
A
193
Q

what do mullerian ducts give rise to ? [3]
what do wolffian ducts give rise to ? [3]

A

what do mullerian ducts give rise to ? [3]
uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix & upper 1/3 vagina

​what do wolffian ducts give rise to ? [3]
vas deferens, seminal vesicles and epididymis

195
Q

female development:

what happens to mullerian ducts? [1] what do they turn into? [1]

A

what happens to mullerian ducts? [1]
close in and fuse into a continuum

what do they turn into? [1]
vaginal/ uteral canal

196
Q

label A & B [2]

A

A: gubernaculum testis
B: vaginal process

197
Q

label A-D

A

A: transversalis fascia
B: transversus abdominis
C: internal oblique
D: External oblique

198
Q

what does DHT cause the production of? [3]

A

DHT, which will give rise to the male external genitalia (prostate, penis and scrotum).

199
Q

how many lobes does the prostate have? [3]

A

1 median
2 lateral

200
Q

where does the suspenosry ligament run from (where to where)? [2]

A

where does the suspenosry ligament run from (where to where)? [2]

wall of the cavity –> uterus

201
Q

what happens if have patients who’s leydig cells dont secrete testosterone?

A

Sometimes testosterone may not be secreted by Leydig cells.

  • Patient presents as female with female external genitalia
  • Primary amenorrhea
  • No genital ducts/associated structures
  • Undescended testes as genetically male XY
  • Sertoli cells will still produce MHF which inhibits Mullerian duct, so you will have no uterus , fallopian tubes, cervix or upper vagina
205
Q

indirect / congenital hernia occurs because of a protrusion of an abdominal viscus into WHICH STRUCTURE? [1]

A

An indirect inguinal hernia is a congenital hernia, regardless of the patient’s age. It occurs because of protrusion of an abdominal viscus into an open processus vaginalis

206
Q
A
207
Q

which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?

ovary
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube

A

which site of action does the combined hormonal contraception work at?

ovary
endometrium
cervix
fundus
fallopian tube

208
Q

1

A
209
Q

at what stage does the latent phase of 1st stage of labour end?

when the cervix is dilated to 3cm
when the cervix is dilated to 4cm
when the cervix is dilated to 5cm
when the cervix is dilated to 6cm
when the cervix is dilated to 7cm

A

at what stage does the latent phase of 1st stage of labour end?

when the cervix is dilated to 3cm
when the cervix is dilated to 4cm
when the cervix is dilated to 5cm
when the cervix is dilated to 6cm
when the cervix is dilated to 7cm

210
Q

what is the cervical dilation during the full dilation of the cervix? [1]

A

to 10cm

211
Q

which stage is of the delivery of baby is commonly known as labour

latent phase of 1st stage
active phase of 1st stage
2nd stage
3rd stage

A

which stage is of the delivery of baby is commonly known as labour

latent phase of 1st stage
active phase of 1st stage
2nd stage
3rd stage

212
Q

label each stage of labour shown

A
  1. Engage
  2. Flex and descend
  3. Full dilatation
  4. Internal rotation then extension
  5. External rotation
  6. Expulsion
213
Q

Growth in neuronal connections leads to what developing? [1]

A

development of visual acuity

214
Q

Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:

1 years
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years

A

Major problems with development should be detected before the age of:

1 years
2 years
3 years
4 years
5 years

215
Q

what is autonomic supply to pelvis like?

A

PNS: pelvic splachnic nerves from S2, S3 & S4

SNS: via superior hypogastric plexus (continuation of the aortic plexus). contains sympathetic, ascedending PNS and viseceral afferent fibres.

superior hypogastric –> left and right inferior hypogastric plexi eitherside of the rectum

216
Q

which muscle is highlighted here? [1]

A

piriformis

217
Q

which muscle is highlighted here? [1]

A

piriformis

For Nish (6 decks)

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