HCI 6) Design

Question 1

Ultimate particular

Answer 1

A concept or plan that realizes the idea in some form that can be trialed.

Question 2

Impact of design

Answer 2

• Design matters to people
• Design is also a catalyst of innovation
• Design can produce new, valuable knowledge
• Design is about transformative possibilities

Question 3

User-centered -
User focus

Answer 3

Understanding and serving the user’s goals, tasks, and needs is the primary goal of design.

Question 4

User-centered -
User involvement

Answer 4

Representative users are actively engaged throughout.

Question 5

User-centered -
Prototyping

Answer 5

Early and continuous prototyping, which helps evaluate ideas before converging to a particular solution prematurely.

Question 6

User-centered -
Evaluation in context

Answer 6

Prototypes should be evaluated with real users in real contexts whenever possible.

Question 7

User-centered -
Holistic design

Answer 7

Understanding all designed aspects of a product, from its advertisements to social media presence and manuals.

Question 8

Value-sensitive design

Answer 8

Design method that aims to build designs rooted on principles that users find important.

Involve users from early stage of research to understand their values.

Question 9

Convergent thinking

Answer 9

Improve existing solutions iteratively by making local adjustments.

Question 10

Divergent thinking

Answer 10

Identify distant, novel solutions, thus diverging from the solution at hand.

Question 11

Reconceptualizing problems

Answer 11

Rethinking defined elements of a design problem: what are the relevant objectives, constraints, viewpoints, and so on?

Question 12

Reorganizing design situations

Answer 12

Designers facilitate cognition by organizing their external circumstances.

e.g. sketching, collaborative tools, or a design portfolio

Question 13

Design cognition

Answer 13

• Iteration
• Tight coupling between problems and solutions
• Awareness of the exploration
• Effect of experience

Question 14

Biases -
Availability

Answer 14

Ideas that are readily available are given undue weight.

Question 15

Biases -
Anchoring

Answer 15

The centering of a design solution around a known reference solution.

Question 16

Biases -
Decoying

Answer 16

A reference point prevents us from seeing another solution behind it.

Question 17

Biases -
Status quo

Answer 17

A tendency to give undue weight to a prevailing or well-known solution.

Question 18

Biases -
Bandwagon

Answer 18

Observing peers leads to following a similar solution path.

Question 19

Design fixation

Answer 19

Being mentally locked to a particular solution and being unable to generate alternatives.

Question 20

Breaking design fixation

Answer 20

• Create new reference points
• Collect example designs
• Creative methods
• Computational methods

Question 21

Design task -
Design decisions

Answer 21

The open decisions that must be decided towards a design.

Question 22

Design task -
Design space

Answer 22

The set of all designs being considered, as implied by any currently open design decisions.

Question 23

Design task -
Objectives

Answer 23

Properties that an acceptable design must possess, such as those related to ease of use, cognitive workload, or manufacturing costs.

Question 24

Design task -
Constraints

Answer 24

Hard limitations and requirements on the design.

Question 25

Ideation methods

Answer 25

• Brainstorming
• Sketching
• Scenarios
• Conceptual maps

Question 26

Communities of practice

Answer 26

Groups of people who share an interest and interact regularly to become better at it.

Question 27

Design communities

Answer 27

Local organizations or internet-mediated collectives focused on different topics in design.

Question 28

Design forums

Answer 28

Online discussion forums that allow asking questions, learning from others, and contributing to the community.

Question 29

Design systems

Answer 29

Developed coherent systems for producing high quality designs in an area.

Question 30

Design process

Answer 30

Defines a structure and practices for carrying out design projects in an organization.

Ensure user focus, iteration and evaluation with users.

Question 31

User focus

Answer 31

Setting user-related end goals by ensuring success criteria for a project. Defined in terms relating to the user.

Question 32

Usability engineering -
Phases

Answer 32

• User research
• Competitive analysis
• Setting usability goals
• Design stage: usable, testable, acceptable implementation
• Coordinated design
• Guidelines and heuristics: ensure minimum quality
• Prototyping: for testing
• Empirical user testing: achieved usability goals
• Iterative design: to reach goals
• Collected feedback from the field

Question 33

Human factors engineering

Answer 33

The design and construction of safe and reliable technological systems.

Emphasis on safety and mitigation of human error.

Question 34

User-centered design processes

Answer 34

• User research
• Formation of design goals (requirements)
• Generation of design ideas
• Evaluation

Question 35

Reflective practice

Answer 35

Developing and transforming one’s ways of thinking and doing, divided into two dimensions:
In-action vs. out-action
Remembering vs. gathering

Question 36

User-centered design -
Principles

Answer 36

• User focus
• User involvement
• Prototyping
• Evaluation in context
• Holistic design

Question 37

Types of biases

Answer 37

• Availability
• Anchoring
• Decoying
• Status quo
• Bandwagon

Question 38

Brainstorming principles

Answer 38

• Postpone criticism
• Divergence
• Quantity
• Accumulation of knowledge
• Equal significance