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Optometry Huddersfield- Year 1 (unfinished) > HBS - Physiology 1 - Topic 1 > Flashcards

HBS - Physiology 1 - Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 levels of organisation within the human body?

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Cellular
  3. Tissue
  4. Organ
  5. Body System
  6. Organism
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2
Q

What is a Chemical?

A

Molecules composed of Atoms

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3
Q

What is Cellular?

A

cells are basic unit of life

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4
Q

What is a Tissue?

A

Groups of cells with similar structure and a specialised function

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5
Q

List 5 Basic functions of a cell.

A
  1. Perform the reactions providing ENERGY for the cell, RPN
  2. SYNTHESISE required cellular components, e.g. proteins
  3. Control EXCHANGE of materials between cell & environment
  4. Sense & Respond to changes in the environment
  5. REPRODUCTION (with exception of nerve & muscle cell)
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6
Q

Name the 4 types of tissue and list their main function.

A
  1. MUSCLE Tissue- provides movement
  2. NERVOUS Tissue- rapid internal communication
  3. EPITHELIAL Tissue- Transport function and protection
  4. CONNECTIVE Tissue- Supports and protects body organs
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7
Q

What is an organ?

A

Consist of TWO or MORE types of primary TISSUES that function together to perform a particular function or functions

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8
Q

What is a body system?

A

GROUPS of ORGANS that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity essential to survive of the whole body.

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9
Q

Give some examples of organs?

A
  • inside of Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is lined with epithelial tissue.
  • wall of GIT contains smooth muscle
  • Nervous tissue in GIT controls muscle contraction and gland secretion
  • Connective tissue binds all above tissues together
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10
Q

List the 11 systems of the body that contribute to homeostasis.

A
  1. Circulatory System
  2. Integumentary System
  3. Digestive System
  4. Respiratory System
  5. Urinary System
  6. Skeletal System
  7. Muscular System
  8. Immune Systen
  9. Nervous System
  10. Endocrine System
  11. Reproductive System
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11
Q

Where is nervous tissue found and what is its function?

A

There is Nervous tissue in the brain, spinal cord and nerves which allow rapid internal communication.

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12
Q

Where is muscle tissue found & what is its function?

A
  • Muscle attached to bones (skeletal)
  • Muscle attached to heart (cardiac)
  • Muscle of walls of hollow organs (smooth)
  • -Muscle tissue will contract to cause movement.
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13
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found and what is its function?

A
  • Epithelial tissue Lining of GIT organs and and other hollow organs.
  • Skin surface (epidermis)
  • -Forms boundaries between different environments, protects,secretes,absorbs, filters.
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14
Q

Where is connective tissue found and what is its function?

A
  • Connective tissue in bones, tendons and in fat and other soft padding tissue.
  • -Supports,protects,binds other tissues together.
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15
Q

Define the term homeostasis

A

Defined as maintenance of a stable internal environment.

-It’s in a dynamic state of equilibrium

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16
Q

Where are body cells contained?

A

In watery internal environment

17
Q

What is extra cellular fluid(ECF)?

A

It’s the fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cells)

18
Q

What are the 2 components of ECF?

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid(ISF)

19
Q

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

IntRACELLULAR fluid is fluid contained within all body cells.

20
Q

Can you give examples of other extra cellular compartments in the body that are distinct from the interstitial fluid and plasma?

A
  1. Synovial fluid
  2. Amniotic fluid
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
  4. Vitreous humour
21
Q

What are the factors of the internal environment that are homeostatically regulated?

A
  1. Concentration of nutrient molecules
  2. Concentration of O2 and CO2
  3. Concentration of waste products
  4. pH
  5. Concentration of water and electrolytes
  6. Volume & Pressure
  7. Temperature
22
Q

What is the negative feedback system?

A

When a stimulus causes a response that leads to a decrease of the original stimulus.

23
Q

What is the positive feedback system?

A

When a stimulus causes a response that leads to an enhancement of the original stimulus.

24
Q

What is feedforward?

A

It’s a term used for responses made in anticipation of a change

25
Q

Describe the positive feedback system controlling blood clotting when there is a break/ tear in the blood vessel wall?

A
  • The blood clotting mechanism causes more chemicals to be released, which attract more platelets.
  • So clotting proceeds until break is sealed by newly formed clot.
26
Q

What are the disruptions in Homeostasis?

A
  • Can lead to illness and death

- Pathophysiology, abnormal functional of the body associated with disease

Optometry Huddersfield- Year 1 (unfinished) (17 decks)

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