HB AT section 2.9

Question 1

Speech genres

Answer 1

1. Judicial (dikanikon, iudiciale): about the past, audience functions as a judge
2. Deliberative(simbouleutikon, deliberativum): about the future, audience functions as a judge
3. Epideictic (epideiktikon, demonstrativum): audience functions as observer

Question 2

The doctrines of the degree of defensibility:

Answer 2

honourable genre: the standpoint corresponds with the audience’s judgment/prejudice about the issue at stake

• doubtful genre: the standpoint challenges the audience’s sense of justice or truth
• shocking genre: the standpoint shocks the audience’s sense of justice or truth
• petty genre: the standpoint is completely in accordance with the opinion of the audience
• complex genre: the standpoint exceeds the cognitive capacities of the audience

Question 3

Status theory:

Answer 3

takes as a starting point that the speech under consideration is a response to an accusation made by the other party

Question 4

four categories of possible responses are formulated

Answer 4

1. denial (status coniecturalis) – deny that the claim is true
   2. redefinition (status definitionis) – question the meaning/nature of issue
   3. justification or exoneration (status qualitatis) – degrade seriousness issue
   4. procedural objection (status translationis) – doubt legitimacy of the judge

Question 5

Invention (inventio):

Answer 5

invention of standpoint (intellectio)
- theories to classify the standpoint: degree of defensibility, doctrine of various speech genres, status theory
invention of arguments (inventio proper)
- appeal to ethos/pathos/logos

Question 6

Exordium

Answer 6

exposition of the problem and relevant information (narration)

• presentation of standpoint (proposition)
• overview of the parts of the speech (partition)

Question 7

Argumentatio

Answer 7

arguments

- arguments in favor of the standpoint of the speaker (confirmatio) 
- arguments against the standpoint of the opponent (refutatio)

Question 8

Peroratio

Answer 8

cognitive appeal: restatement of the standpoint and main arguments
(recapitulatio/enumeratio)
- emotional appeal: manipulation of the emotions of the audience (pathos)

Question 9

3. Wording

Answer 9

Virtues of style: grammatical correctness (hellênismos/latinitas)
clarity (perspicuitas)
embellishment (ornatus)
- tropes (tropi): change of meaning  irony, metaphor etc.
- figures (figurae): no change of meaning  repetition, ellips etc.
aptness (aptum)
Kinds of style: simple (genus subtile), middle (genus medium), grand (genus grande)
elevated (megaloprêpes), plain (ischnos), elegant (glaphuros), forceful (deinos)

Question 10

4. Memorizing (mnêmê/memoria):

Answer 10

the committing to memory all the words of a speech

Question 11

5. Performance (oratio/prenunciatio):

Answer 11

under this heading, rhetoricians collected their advice concerning the nonverbal aspects of delivering a speech, like the use of facial expressions, the voice, and the hands.