HAZMAT Week Study Guide Flashcards
Non-Pressure Rail Car
Test Pressure: 60-100 psi Have at least one manway Compartmentalized Capacity: 4,000-45,000 gal Visible Fittings Carries: Flammable liquids, liquids, corrosives, and slurries
Pressure Rail Car
Test Pressure: 100-600 psi
Capacity : 4,000-45,000 gal
Fittings are out of sight under a single protective housing on top of the rail car.
Carries: Flammable gases like propane, and poisonous gases, like chlorine and sulfur dioxide.
Cryogenic Liquid Rail Car
Low Pressure (below 25 psi) Refrigerated liquid Capacity 15,000-30,000 gal Fittings are in a ground level cabinet Carries: Argon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, O2
Hopper Rail Car
3 Types:
-Covered: Transport dry bulk, grain, calcium carbide, and cement.
-Uncovered: Coal, sand, gravel, rocks
-Pneumatically unloaded: unloaded by air pressure.
Carries: Ammonium nitrate, fertilizer, dry caustic soda
Tube Rail Car
Use high pressure tubes
Carries: Helium, Hydrogen, Methane, and O2
Non-Pressure Intermodal Tanks IM-101
Pressures: 25.4-100 psi
Capacity of 5,000-6,300 gal
Carries: Hazardous and non-hazardous material (toxics, corrosives, flammables with a flashpoint below 32F
Non-Pressure Intermodal Tanks IM-102
Pressure 14.5-25.4 psi
Capacity of 5,000-6,300 gal
Carries: Whisky, alcohols, some corrosives, flammables with flash point ranging from 32-104F
Pressure Intermodal Tanks
Spec 51/Type 5
- Pressure 100-500 psi
- Capacity of 4,500-5,000 gal
- Carries: liquefied gases under pressure
Specialized Intermodal Tanks
Cryogenic Intermodal Tank -Type 7: Carries refrigerated gases, argon O2, and helium Tube Modules -High pressure from 3,000-5,000 psi -Tubes mounted in a frame
Highway Containers: Non-Pressure Liquid Tank
DOT406/MC306
Pressure less than 3 psi
Capacity of 9,000 gal
Elliptical aluminum construction
Valve assembly and unloading controls under the tank
Carries: Gas, fuel oil, alcohol, other flammable/combustible products
Highway Containers: Low-Pressure Chemical Tank
DOT407/MC307
Pressure under 40 psi
Capacity of 7,000 gal
Horseshoe or rounded ends, double shelled
Carries: Flammable liquids, combo liquid acids, caustics, and poisons
Highway Containers: Corrosive Liquid Tank
DOT412/MC312 Pressure: Less than 75 psi Capacity: 7,000 gal Small diameter, round shaped Splashguard around valve assembly in the rear or middle top loading Carries: Corrosive liquids
Highway Containers: High Pressure Tanke
MC331 Pressure: Above 100 psi Capacity: 11,500 gal Round/Dome-shaped ends Carries: High pressure gases (propane, butane)
Highway Containers: Cryogenic Liquid Tanks
MC338
Pressure: Less than 22 psi
Large, bulky double shelled and heavy insulated steel tank
Ends that are flat, piping contained at the end
Carries: Liquid O2, Nitrogen, and Hydrogen
Highway Containers: Compressed Gas Tube Trailer
Pressure: 3,000-5,000 psi
Individual steel cylinders
Valves at the rear
Carries: Compressed gas (air, argon, and helium)
Highway Containers: Dry Bulk Cargo Tank
Pressure: Less than 22 psi (typically not under pressure)
V-shaped bottom
Bottom valves
Air-assisted loading and unloading
Carries: Calcium carbide, oxidizers, corrosive solids, and fertilizers
Non-Bulk Containers
Max capacity: 119 gal
Max mass of 882 lbs.
Water capacity: 1,001 lbs.
Non-Bulk Containers: Bags
Flexible package make of: paper, plastic film, textiles, woven materials.
Carries: explosives, flammable solids, oxidizers, and fertilizers
Sealed with: Ties, stitching, gluing, and crimping
Stored and transported on pallets
Non-Bulk Containers: Carboys/Jerri Cans
Larger glass or plastic bottle encased in a basket or box.
Store or transport corrosives, and water.
Capacity: May exceed 20 gal but typically 5 gal
Jerri can is rectangular shaped carboy and is the term used in UN regs.
Non-Bulk Containers: Cylinders
Pressure higher than 40 psi
Used to store or transport gaseous materials
Non-Bulk Containers: Drums
Flat ended or cylindrical packaging made of: metal, fiberboard, plastic, plywood.
Capacity: Up to 100 gal, but 55 gal is typical.
Radioactive Material Containers Categories
Excepted Industrial Type A Type B Type C
Radioactive Material Containers: Excepted
Used to transport materials with extremely low levels of radioactivity that presents no risk to the public or environment. Like smoke detectors.
Radioactive Material Containers: Industrial
Materials that present limited hazards like: slightly contaminated clothing, lab samples.
Radioactive Material Containers: Type A
Designed to survive normal transportation, handling, and minor accidents.
Contains limited quantities of radio active material.
Cardboard boxes, wooden crates, or drums
Radioactive Material Containers: Type B
Designed to survive severe accidents.
Contains large quantities of radioactive material.
Metal drum, or huge, massive shielded transport container.
Radioactive Material Containers: Type A
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Pipeline Markings
Include signal word (Caution, Warning, Danger)
Product Information
Name and emergency telephone number of carrier
NFPA 704 (HAZMAT at fixed facilities)
Blue: Health
Red: Flammability
Yellow: Reactivity
White: Special Hazards
Properties/Characteristics Radiological Matter: Alpha Particles
Positively charged/large particle.
Can be stopped by a sheet of paper.
Primarily pose an internal, inhalation hazard.
Properties/Characteristics Radiological Matter: Beta Particles
Fast moving, positively or negatively charged.
Smaller particles.
Travel up to several feet.
Pose an external and internal hazards.
Properties/Characteristics Radiological Matter: Gamma Rays
High energy. Easily penetration through the body. Internal and external hazard. Need several feet of concrete to stop rays. Time, distance, shielding.
Boiling Point
Liquid turning to a gas.
Corrosives (pH)
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (power of hydrogen).
Flammable Range
The percentage between the lower and upper explosive limits of a material.
Flash Point
The lowest temp at which a liquid will give off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air at the surface.
Ignition (Autoignition)
Temperature: minimum temp at which a material will ignite without a spark or flame of water.
Specific Gravity
The weight of a solid or liquid substance as compared to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Vapor Density
The weight of a vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of air.
Vapor Pressure
The amount of force that is pushing vapors form a liquid.
Water Soluble
Soluble in water.
Ionizing Radiation
High-energy radiation (alpha, beta, x-ray, gamma).
Acid
Opposite of a base with a pH of under 7.
Air-reactive
A flammable material that will ignite at ambient temperatures when exposed to air.
Catalyst
A material that causes or speeds up chemical reaction.
Compound
Substance consisting of 2 or more elements that have been united chemically.
Mixture
Substance consisting of 2 or more materials not chemically united.
Concentration
In a solution, the % of a substance in comparison to the whole.
Dose
The accumulated amount of a chemical to which a person has been exposed.
Expansion ratio
The amount of a gas produced from a given volume of liquid escaping from a container at a given temperature.
Half-Life
Period of time required for any radioactive substance to lose half of its strength or reduce its total present energy.
Halogenated Hydrocarbon
Chemical compounds that contain carbon plus 1 or more elements from Halogen series.
Inhibitor
A substance which can stop or retard a chemical reaction.
Max safe storage temperatures
A temperature below which an oxidizer must be stores and shipped to remain safe.
Melting Point
Temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at one atmosphere.
Freezing Point
Temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at one atmosphere.
Miscibility
The ability of a gas or liquid to dissolve in another gas or liquid (then separate).
Nerve Agent
Toxic agent that attacks the nervous system by affecting the transmission of impulses.
Organic
Material that comes from plant or animal.
Inorganic
Matter other than plant or animal.
pH
Measure of acidity or an acid or the level of alkaline in a base. Scale 1-14. 7 being neutral.
Polymerization
A chemical reaction in which 1 or more small molecules combine to form larger molecules.
Radioactivity
Any process by which unstable nuclei increase their stability by shooting out particles (Alpha, Beta) and Gamma rays.
Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperatures (SADT)
Temperature at which an oxidizer will decompose and continue to decompose at a faster and faster rate.
Solution
A liquid mixture.
Slurry
Watery mixture of insoluble matter such as mud, lime, or plaster of paris.
Sublimation
Direct change of a solid to a gas without becoming a liquid.
Viscosity
The measurement of the flow properties of a material, expressed as its resistance to flow.
Volatility
Ability of a substance to vaporize easily at a relatively low temperature.
Parts per million (ppm)
Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of air by volume at 25 C and 1 atmosphere pressure.
Parts per billion (ppb)
Parts of vapor or gas per billion parts of air by volume at 25 C and 1 atmosphere pressure.
Lethal Dose (LD50)
The single dose of a substance that causes death of 50% from an exposure to the substance by any route other than inhalation.
Lethal Concentration (LC50)
The concentration in air that is expected to kill 50% of a group when administered as a single exposure by inhalation in a specific time period.
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
An OSHA term covering exposures to hazardous chemicals. Relates to legally enforceable TLV limits.
Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)
Airborne concentration of material to which nearly all workers can be exposed day after day without adverse affect/8H day, 40H week.
Threshold Limit Value Short-Term Exposure Limits (TLV-STEL)
A fifteen-minute exposure to a chemical followed by a one-hour break between exposures. Only allowed 4 times a day.
Threshold Limit Value Ceiling (TLV-C)
The maximum TLV allowable.
IDLH (Immediate Danger to Life and Health)
A concentration of a hazardous material that poses an immediate threat to life, or cause an irreversible or delayed adverse health effect.
RAD
Radiation absorbed dose.
Roentgen
English system unit used to measure radiation exposure (gamma and X-ray).
Degradation
Process that occurs when the characteristics of a material are altered (Molecular breakdown) through contact with a chemical substance (cracking, brittleness, discoloration).
Penetration
Process that occurs when a hazardous material enter an opening or a puncture in a material.
Permeation
Process that occurs when a chemical passes through a fabric on a molecular level (no visible evidence).
Absorption
Sucking up the material.
Adsorption
Attracting the material to cling to the sorbent’s surface.
3 Types of Container Stress
Thermal: Excessive heat of cold causing expansion, contraction, and weakening.
Chemical: Uncontrolled reaction/interactions of contents in container and container itself.
Mechanical: Physical application of energy.
6 Ways a Container can Breach
1) Disintegration
2) Runaway cracking (BLEVE)
3) Attachment (Closures) open or break
4) Puncture
5) Split or Tear
6) Metal reduction: corrosive action of an acid on steel.
4 Ways a container can release it contents
1) Detonation
2) Violent rupture
3) Rapid Relief
4) Spill or leak
Detonation
Instantaneous and explosive release.
Violent Rupture
Immediate release caused by a runaway crack.
Rapid Relief
Fast relief through properly operation safety devices caused by damaged valves, piping.
Levels of HAZMAT Incidents
Level I
Level II
Level III
Levels of HAZMAT Incidents: Level I
- Least serious
- Small amount of gas spilled, leak from a domestic house gas line, broken consumer commodities.
Levels of HAZMAT Incidents: Level II
- Require the service of a formal HAZMAT team
- Use chemical protective clothing
- Dike, dam, confine material
- Plugging, patching leaking containers.
- Decontamination
- Large scale evacuation
- Fire posing a possible “BLEVE”
Levels of HAZMAT Incidents: Level III
- Combined mutual aid resources from state, local, federal agencies.
- Specialists from industry and government agencies.
- Decon on a large scale.
- Activate the federal response plan.
Incident Management System (IMS)
Purpose: Organize people, equipment, and resources to respond to any emergency situation.
Need: To control activities at incident.
Elements
Incident Management System: Elements
Command: Directing, ordering, and controlling resources.
Finance/Admin
Logistics: Support mechanism (facilities, supplies, equipment, maintenance, fueling, meals, comms, and medical)
Operations: Responsible for directing management of all incident tactical activities, the tactical priorities, and the safety and welfare of personnel working in the operational decision making.
Planning: Gathering resources to make appropriate decision making.
Safety Officer: Monitors and identifies unsafe situations, alter, suspend, or terminate any unsafe activity.
4 Levels of PPE
Level A
Level B
Level C
Level D
Levels of PPE: Level A
- Unknown substance
- Highest available level of protection
- SCBA
- Fully encapsulation, gas tight
- Inner chemical resistant gloves
- Outer gloves
Levels of PPE: Level B
Known substance but still need a high level of protection
- Same level of respiratory protection as Level A
- Chemical resistant clothing
- Inner and outer chemical resistant gloves
- Chemical resistant safety booths
- SCBA on the outside of chemical resistant clothing
Levels of PPE: Level C
Same level of skin protection as Level B
- Lower level of respiratory protection
- All air contaminants identified
- At least 19.5% O2 level
- APR
- Chemical resistant clothing
- Inner and outer chemical resistant gloves
- Chemical resistant boots
Levels of PPE: Level D
No respiratory protection/minimal chemical protection but good safety protection.
- No atmospheric hazard
- No splash, immersion, unexpected inhalation
- Atmosphere contains at least 19.5% O2
Hazard Classes
1-Explosives 2-Gases 3-Flammable and Combustible Liquids 4-Flammable Solids 5-Oxidizer and Organic Peroxide 6-Poisonous liquid, solids, and infectious substances 7-Radioactive 8-Corossive 9-Miscellaneous Materials Every Good Firefighter Fights Old People Running Crack M???
Hazard Classes: Explosives
- 1- Mass Explosion Hazard (TNT, Black Powder)
- 2- Projection Hazard (Rocket Motors, Ammo)
- 3- Fire Hazard, Minor Blast or Projection
- 4- Minor Explosion Hazard/No Projection
- 5-Very Insensitive/Mass Explosive Potential
- 6-Extremely Insensitive/No Mass Explosive
Hazard Classes: Gases
- 1-Flammable Gas (Propane, Butane)
- 2-Nonflammable Gas (CO2)
- 3-Poison Gas (Chlorine, Phosphine)
Hazard Classes: Flammable and Combustible Liquids
Flammable: Flash point below 141F (acetone, gasoline)
Combustible: Flash point above 141F (Diesel)
Hazard Classes: Flammable Solids
- 1: Flammable Solids; self reactive material, readily combustible solids.
- 2: Spontaneously Combustible; pyrophoric material, self-heating material (aluminum alkyhalides, phosphorus).
Hazard Classes: Oxidizer and Organic Peroxide
- 1- Oxidizer; supplies O2 (magnesium nitrate)
5. 2- Organic peroxide (dibenzoyl peroxide)
Hazard Classes: Poisonous liquid, solids, and infectious substances
- 1- Poison (aniline, tear gas device)
6. 2- Infectious substance
Hazard Classes: Corrosive Materials
-Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid
Hazard Classes: Miscellaneous
Molten Sulphur
Hazardous Materials Placarding Tables: Table 1
- Explosives (orange): 1.1, 1.2, ,1.3
- Gases: 2.3 (Poison gas; skull and crossbones with black background)
- Flammable Solids: 4.3 (Dangerous when wet; blue, white letters)
- Oxidizers: 5.2 (Organic Peroxide, yellow)
- Poisons: 6.2 (Inhalation Hazard; skull and crossbones with black background)
- Radioactive (7 only, radioactive yellow III; yellow over white)
Hazardous Materials Placarding Tables: Table 2
- Explosive: 1.4, 1.5, 1.6
- Gases: 2.1 (flammable gas, red), 2.2 (nonflammable gas, green)
- Flammable Liquids: 3 (flammable liquids and combustible liquids, red)
- Flammable solids: 4.1 (Flammable liquids, red and white vertical stripes), 4.2 (Spontaneously Combustible, white over red)
- Oxidizers: 5.1 (Oxidizer, yellow), 5.2 (Organic peroxide, yellow, other than type b organic peroxide)
- Poisons: 6.1 (Other than inhalation hazard, skull and crossbones with black background)
- Corrosives: (8 any corrosives, white over black)
Chemical Warfare
1-Nerve Agents
2-Blood Agents
3-blister or Vesicant Agents
4-Chocking Agents
Chemical Warfare: Nerve Agents
They effect the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase throughout the body.
Chemical Warfare: Blood Agents
Simply put, they block the O2 for the RBCs.
Chemical Warfare: Blister/Vesicant Agents
Burn or blister the skin on any part of the body they contact.
Chemical Warfare: Choking Agents
They attack lung tissue, primary causing pulmonary edema.
SLUDGEM
S-Salivation L-Lacrimation U-Urination D-Defecation G-Gastric Distress E-Emesis M-Miosis
DUMBELS
D-Defecation U-Urination M-Miosis B-Bradycardia/Bronchospasm E-Emesis L-Lacrimation S-Salivation
Bio Agents
Bacteria: Single cells organisms
Viruses: Smaller than Bacteria
Toxins: Poison’s produced by plants, fungi, animals, and bacteria.
How Foam Works
Separating-Creates a barrier between the fuel and burning vapors.
Cooling-Lowers the temp of the fuel and adjacent surfaces.
Suppressing-Prevents the release of additional flammable vapors.
Penetration: Lowers the surface tension of water and allows it to penetrate deep seated fires.
How Foam is Generated
FOAM CONCENTRATE: Liquid found in a foam storage container before the introduction to water.
FOAM SOLUTION: Mixture in the proper ration of foam concentrate and water before the introduction of air.
FOAM PROPORTIONER: Device that mixes foam concentrate in the proper ratio with water.
FINIHSED FOAM: Completed product after air is added into the foam solution and leaves the nozzle.
3 Types of Expansion Foam
1: Low Expansion Foam - 20:1
2: Medium Expansion Foam - 20:1 to 200:1
3: High Expansion Foam - 200:1 to 1000:1
2 Types of Concentrates
Class A foam: For class A fires Class B foam: For class B fires (Designed solely for hydrocarbon fires)
4 Types of Class B Foam
1: Protein foam - Made from animal by products
2: Fluoroprotein Foam - Combination protein based and synthetic based foam
3: Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) - synthetic based foam
4: Alcohol - Resistant foam - similar to AFFF, formulated so alcohols and other polar solvents will not dissolve the foam.
Foam Application Techniques
1- Roll On Method
2- Bank Down Method
3- Rain Down Method - Mainly used for aboveground storage tank fires.
