Hazards- Ao2 Flashcards
What is the ring of fire?
The ring of fire is a 25,000 mile stretch home to 75% of the worlds volcanoes
What was the Toba eruption, and why is it significant?
A super volcanic eruption (VEI 8) in Indonesia 74,000 years ago, causing a global winter (6-10 years) and nearly wiping out humanity.
How many volcanoes erupt each month?
estimated 50-60 volcanoes erupt each month.
What is the most active volcano?
Mount Yasur- the most active volcano erupting every 15 minutes on average. It is located on Tanna Island in Vanuatu
give an example of a Hawaiian eruption style
Mauna Loa- 1950 with lava flows up to 16 miles and over 1.5 million dollars of damage
Give an example of strombolian eruption style
Stromboli- island off the north coast of Sicily that has been erupting continuously since 1932
Give an example of the vulcanian eruption style
The Semeru- Located in Indonesia where 55 eruptions have been recored consisting of lava flows and pyroclastic flows
Give an example of Plinian eruption style
Mount Vesuvius- eruption in 79AD which destroyed the ancient roman city of Pompeii by spewing a cloud of super-heated tephra at 1.5 million tons per second and releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of atomic bombs.
Talk about the Nevado del Ruiz eruption
- November 13, 1985, in Colombia
- ne of the deadliest volcanic disasters in history, killing ~23,000 people,
- Despite clear warning signs, including increased seismic activity, gas emissions, and glacier melting, authorities failed to act in time
- When the volcano erupted (VEI 3), it melted 5-10% of its glacier, triggering lahars moving at 50 km/h, which destroyed everything in their path
How many Earthquakes happen around the ring of fire?
90%
What is the largest recorded Earthquake on the MMS scale
the largest ever recorded is Chilie at 9.5mms with a shallow focus of 25km- caused widespread destruction including tsunamis hitting Japan.
Give an example of soil liquification
Niigata, Japan,
Magnitude 7.5 MMS with high effects- soil liquefaction cased entire buildings to tilt or sink causing infrastructure damage. This shows how soil liquefaction can worsen the impact of earthquakes.
Summaries the Boxing Day Tsunami
- December 2004
- Earthquake with a magnitude of 9-9.3 making it the second biggest
- 240km North-West from Indonesia
- 2 phases over 3 minuites
- The indian plate slide over the Burma Plate
- Killed 300,000 accross 2 continents
- Warnings were too late
- 700,000 left homeless
- 1,000 tonnes of water on each meter of thailand beaches
- Sri Lanka killed 4,000, 1 million homeless
- India 370,000 homeless
Talk about seismic gaps
The area of Loma prieta had not had any seismic activity for 20 years (since 1906) and was designated a seismic gap. In 1989, a 6.9mms earthquake hit the area killing 63 and causing $1 billion in damages. However, scientists werent suprised as between 1969-88 there was a lack of activity- gap- and therefore was identified as an area where an earthquake could occur.
How many people in the Kobe Earthquake had insurance
7%
Talk about hurrican katrina’s storm surge
storm surge of 7.6m causing huge loss of life, pollution of freshwater and destruction are effects from this.
Talk about intense rainfall in Texas as a hazard associated with tropical storms
2017, Hurricane Harvey caused over 150cm of rain in Texas
Talk about hurricane Irene flooding
2011 Irene Hurricane- caused widespread flooding causing £1 million damage
Talk about methods of preparedness of tropical storms
- Miami- use SLOSH to estimate storm surge heights and waves helping people act accordingly
- Outer Banks mitigation techniques aims to save lives and property for speedu recovery in highly prone area.
What are some mitigation strategies of tropical storms
