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AQA A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of a multi-hazard environment?

A
  • The Phillippines
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2
Q

Why is the Phillippines a multi-hazard environment?

A
  • The area is vulnerable to volcanoes, seismic hazards and tropical storms.
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3
Q

Why is the Phillippines prone to increased volcanic eruptions?

A
  • It is near a destructive plate boundary where subduction occurs.
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4
Q

What is an example of a volcano that erupted in the Phillippines? (state year)

A
  • Mount Pinatubo (1991)
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5
Q

How many were left dead and homeless after Mount Pinitubo erupted?

A
  • 700 deaths
  • 200,000 left homeless
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6
Q

Why are the Phillippines heavily exposed to Earthquakes?

A
  • Earthquakes occur along the plate boundaries.
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7
Q

What is an example of an earthquake which happened in the Phillippines? (state year)

A

Luzon Island (1990)

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8
Q

What was the magnitude of the Earthquake on the Luzon Island and how many were killed?

A
  • 7.8 magnitude
  • It killed 1500 people
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9
Q

What was an example of a tsunami which hit the Phillippines? (state the year)

A
  • Moro Gulf (1976)
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10
Q

What was the magnitude of Moro Gulf?

A
  • 7.9
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11
Q

How many tropical storms happen a year in the Phillippines?

A
  • 10 tropical storms every year.
    (They form in the Pacific Ocean and move westwards)
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12
Q

What is an example of a tropical storm which happened in the Phillippines? (state the year)

A
  • Typhoon Xangsane (2006)
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13
Q

How many people died and how much did Typhoon Xangsane cost?

A
  • 200 people died
  • $130 million
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14
Q

What were the 5 effects of Typhoon Xangsane?

A
  • High winds
  • Torrential rain
  • Landslides
  • Flooding
  • Loss of power/water
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15
Q

What is the population density of the Phillippines?

A
  • 340 people/square km
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16
Q

How do people in the Phillippines prepare themselves for an event?

A
  • Stockpiling food
  • Widening the rivers to prevent flooding
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17
Q

How has the policy towards hazards changed?

A
  • Funding was only essential after the hazard
  • However, nowadays, the Phillippines are preparing, mitigating and adapting for hazards.
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18
Q

What are the 4 strategies of management the Phillippines now use?

A
  • No building in high-risk areas
  • Building embankments to prevent flooding
  • Public awareness schemes
  • Adaptations of new and existing buildings
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19
Q

What is an example of an area which is a hazardous setting?

A
  • Central Italy
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20
Q

Why is Italy prone to earthquakes?

A
  • Fault lines run north, south, east, and west of the country.
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21
Q

What evidence is there for the country, Italy, receiving frequent earthquakes?

A
  • 3 earthquakes hit the area around Assisi in 1997.
  • 6.3 magnitude earthquake in L’Aquila in 2009.
  • L’Aquila made 70,000 homeless and killed 300 people. (Cost $15 billion)
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22
Q

What were the social impacts of L’Aquila (list a few)

A
  • Historic buildings were destroyed.
  • Rehousing in new, earthquake-resistant buildings away from the town.
  • Social/religious attendance declined heavily.
  • Residents suffered psychologically
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23
Q

What were the economic impacts of L’Aquila

A
  • University was damaged leading to the number of students enrolling decreasing causing economic losses for the city.
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24
Q

What were the political impacts of L’Aquila

A
  • Officials blamed for not giving the public enough warning
  • Government blamed for not rebuilding L’Aquila fast enough. (Increasing the feelings of discontent and a lack of support)
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25
Q

What are wildfires?

A
  • Uncontrolled fires that destroy forests, grasslands and other vegetation.
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26
Q

What are the 3 types of wildfires?

A
  • Ground fire
  • Surface fire
  • Crown fire
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27
Q

What are ground fires?

A
  • When the ground itself burns, it is slow with little smoke.
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28
Q

What are surface fires?

A
  • Surface fires occur when leaf litter or low lying vegetation burns.
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29
Q

What are crown fires?

A
  • Where fire moves rapidly through the canopy.
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30
Q

What are vegetational conditions that make wildfires more likely to happen?

A
  • Closely spaced trees.
  • Trees which contain a lot of oil (pine)
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31
Q

What are fuel characterisitcs which increase the likelihood of wildfires?

A
  • Fine, dry materials catch fire and burn the mlst easily.
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32
Q

What are the climatic conditions for wildifres?

A
  • Rainfall causes vegetation to grow which stores lots of fuel.
  • Happen when rainfall is low for a significant time.
  • More flammable vegetation when water gets dried up in vegetation.
  • Strong winds provide more oxygen to help the fire burn and spread.
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33
Q

What are the natural causes of wildfires?

A
  • Lightning
  • Volcanic eurptions
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34
Q

What are the human causes of wildfires?

A
  • Accidental dropping of cigarettes
  • Out of control barbecues
  • Arson
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35
Q

List 5 social impacts of wildfires?

A
  • People may be killed or injured
  • Homelessness
  • People left without electricity/power
  • Health problems
  • Wildfires destroy businesses
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36
Q

What are the list of economic impacts of wildfires?

A
  • The costs are huge
  • Destruction of businesses so a loss of jobs and income
  • Decrease in tourism
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37
Q

What are the list of political impacts of wildfires?

A
  • Governments can face high levels of criticism if an area is badly damaged.
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38
Q

What are the list of environmental impacts of wildfires?

A
  • Habitats get destroyed and it takes a long time before they can be fully restored.
  • Soils are damaged as the fire removes organic matter.
  • Smoke may cause air pollution.
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39
Q

What are short term responses to wildfires?

A
  • Trying to put out the fire itself by diverting the fire, spraying water onto roofs.
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40
Q

What are the long term responses to wildfires?

A
  • Managing the future risks
  • Prevention (through public education and awareness)
  • Preparedness (Emergency plans for the combatting of future fires)
  • Adaptation (Change the way of living to cope with the threat of wildfires)
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41
Q

When was south east Australia hit with wildfires?

A
  • February 2009
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42
Q

What were the causes of the Australia wildfires?

A
  • 10 years of drought
  • Recent temperatures were 40 degrees celcius and there were strong winds.
  • There was a lack of management which meant that there was very dry oil-rich material to fuel the fire.
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43
Q

How many people were killed? (AUSTRALIA)

A
  • 173
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44
Q

How many people were injured? (AUSTRALIA)

A
  • 400
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45
Q

How many businesses were destroyed (AUSTRALIA)

A

60

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46
Q

How mnay firefighters and volunteers responded to the Australia wildfire?

A
  • 20,000
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46
Q

How much did the wildfire cost?

A
  • $4 billion
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47
Q

How much was donated for rebuilding?

A

$400 million

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48
Q

How was the evacuation strategy improved?

A
  • Better fire warning systems and fire shelters were implemented.
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49
Q

When was Hurriance Katrina?

A
  • 2005
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50
Q

Where did Hurrican Katrina develop?

A
  • Bahamas and spread west
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51
Q

What were the windspeeds and mm of rainfall caused by Katrina?

A
  • 200kph
  • 200-250 mm of rainfall
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52
Q

What category was Katrina?

A
  • Category 3
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53
Q

What percentage of New Orleans was flooded?

A
  • 80%
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54
Q

How many people were killed during Hurricane Katrina?

A
  • 1836 people killed
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55
Q

How many houses were destroyed during Hurricane Katrina?

A
  • 300,000 houses destroyed
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56
Q

How many people were left without electricity during Katrina?

A
  • 3 million
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57
Q

Which bridge collapsed during Hurricane Katrina?

A
  • I-10 bridge
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58
Q

How many people died from drinking contaminated water during Katrina?

A
  • 5
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59
Q

How many schools were destroyed during Katrina?

A
  • 18 schools destroyed
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60
Q

How many jobs were lost because of katrina?

A

230,000 jobs

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61
Q

How much did hurricane katrina cost?

A

$300 billion USD in damage

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62
Q

How many kilometres squared of forest was destroyed after Katrina?

A
  • 5300 km^2
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63
Q

2 reasons why the USA response was rapid to Katrina

A
  • The US had the National Hurricane Centre which issued a hurricane warning to states.
  • THis allowed the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) to act quickly
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64
Q

What mandatory practice was put in place in New Orleans because of Hurricane Katrina

A
  • Mandatory evacuation in New Orleans
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65
Q

What percentage of New Orleans was already evacuated before Katrina had hit?

A
  • 80%
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66
Q

What was the Louisiana Superdome and how mnay people did it shelter?

A
  • Stadium which was able to hold 26,000 people.
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67
Q

When was Typhoon Haiyan?

A

2013

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68
Q

What category was Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • Category 5
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69
Q

What were the wind speeds of Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 315kph
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70
Q

What caused typhoon haiyan?

A
  • Warm sea surface in the western Pacific Ocean
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71
Q

How many people were killed in typhoon haiyan?

A
  • 6300 killed
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72
Q

How many homes were destroyed in Typhoon Haiyan

A
  • 1.1 million
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73
Q

How many people were displaced during Typhoon Haiyan?

A
  • 4 million people were displaced
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74
Q

How much did Typhoon Haiyan cost?

A
  • 12.9 billion USD
75
Q

What were the 2 immediate responses in Haiyan?

A
  • State of emergency was declared
  • Widespread evacuation
76
Q

What were the 3 long term responses in Haiyan?

A

-Build Back Better programme
- Enhancements of early warning systems
- Restoration of economic recovery

77
Q

What did Haiyan display about the effects of tropical storms/natural hazards on LICs?

A
  • Increase vulnerability of LICs due to factors such as poverty, inadequete infrastructure, and limited resources
78
Q

What are tropical storms?

A
  • A tropical storm is a powerful, rotating weather system with strong winds and heavy rainfall that develops over warm ocean waters in the tropics
79
Q

What are 3 key conditions of tropical storms?

A
  • Low pressure area of ocean
  • 27 degrees celsisu water
  • 5 degrees from the equator meaning they form at the tropics.
80
Q

What happens when tropical storms reach land?

A
  • They lose strength because the supply of warm, moist air is cut off.
81
Q

What is the shape of tropical storms?

82
Q

What is the centre of the tropical storm called?

A
  • Eye of the storm
83
Q

What is the part of a tropical storm which creates strong winds?

84
Q

What is the saffir simpson scale based on?

85
Q

What does cat 5 indicated on saffir simpson?

A
  • Highest windspeed above 250kph.
86
Q

What is the problem with wind on a country?

A
  • destorys buildings, trees and carries debris.
87
Q

What is a storm surge and what is it caused by?

A
  • Caused by high winds
  • Surge in sea level.
88
Q

Why is there torrential rain?

A
  • Warm, moist air cools and condenses.
89
Q

How is flooding caused?

A
  • The torrential rain raises the river discharge levels.
90
Q

Why are landslides happening during tropical storms?

A
  • Water infiltrates soil and rock which makes it more prone to collapse.
91
Q

What are tropical storms’ social impacts? (list 6)

A
  • Drowning
  • Injured/killed
    -homelessness
  • food shortage
  • sewage
  • disease
92
Q

What are tropical storms’ political impacts? (3)

A
  • Governments are blamed
  • Leads to unrest/violence/looting
  • Development can’t continue because repair costs a lot of money.
93
Q

What are tropical storms’ economic impacts ? (3)

A
  • Costs a lot to rebuild infrastructure.
  • Businesses are damaged/destroyed
  • Agricultural land is damaged affecting commercial farming
94
Q

What are tropical storms’ environmental impacts? (2)

A
  • Pollution
  • Disrupts aquatic breeding systems
95
Q

What is the main short term solution to tropical storms?

A
  • Evacuation and providing aid and food to people
96
Q

What are some prevention strategies to tropical storms ?

A
  • We can’t directly prevent tropical storms but can PLAN instead to protect high risk areas due to knowledge of storms.
97
Q

What are some prepared strategies to tropical storms?

A
  • Training people for disasters through education and providing evacuation routes.
98
Q

What are some adaptation strategies to tropical stoorms?

A
  • Buildings designed to withstand tropical storms
  • Flood defences are built such as levees and sea walls.
99
Q

How are earthquakes caused?

A
  • Caused by tensions that builds up at all three types of plate margin.
  • Vibrations occur when plates move past each other.
  • Vibrations spread out from the epicenter.
100
Q

What is the epicenter?

A
  • The first point on Earth where the earthquake is felt.
101
Q

What is the role of the Richter Scale?

A
  • Measures earthquake activity and is a logarithmic scale where each level has a difference of 10 per level.
102
Q

What is the moment magnitude scale?

A
  • A scale which measures the impacts of earthquakes by judging Earthquake severity.
103
Q

How do earthquakes cause tsunamis?

A
  • Tsunamis are triggered by underwater earthquakes, as water radiates out from the epicenter, the sea floor moves too causing larger waves.
104
Q

Why are tsunamis more powerful closer to the coast?

A
  • They don’t lose energy travelling towards land.
105
Q

How do earthquakes cause landslides/avalanches?

A
  • Earthquakes cause the ground to shake which dislodges rock, soil or snow.
106
Q

Where does seismic activity occur?

A
  • Destructive/conservative/constructive boundaries.
107
Q

What plate boundary to the biggest earthquakes occur?

A
  • Destructive
108
Q

Do earthquakes follow a specific pattern?

A
  • No they’re random
109
Q

Do lower magnitude earthquakes happen more than higher magnitude earthquakes?

110
Q

What are the primary impact of earthquakes?

A
  • death, injury
111
Q

What are the secondary impacts of earthquakes?

A
  • Occur as a result of primary results
112
Q

What are the list of social impacts caused by earthquakes?

A
  • Destruction to buildings, which kill/injure people.
  • Fires can arise
  • Flooding from tsunamis
  • Widespread contamination
113
Q

What are 2 environmental impacts of earthquakes?

A
  • Industry can be damaged causing leakages and spillages
  • Tsunamis flood frechwater ecosystems.
114
Q

What are 2 economic impacts of earthquakes?

A
  • Destroy business premises
  • Expensive to repair buildings and infrastructure.
115
Q

What are 2 political impacts of earthquakes?

A
  • Government has less money to spend on development due to having to repair infrastructure
  • Government is blamed by citizens causing unrest.
116
Q

What are the 2 main short term responses to earthquakes?

A
  • Resucing people from collapsed buildings after an earthquake.
  • Evacuating people from high risk areas.
117
Q

What are prevention strategies to earthquakes?

A
  • We can’t prevent seismic hazards.
  • We can prevent the risk by building sea walls to prevent tsunamis from easily hitting.
118
Q

What are preparation strategies to earthquakes?

A
  • Earthquake warning systems
  • Response strategies such as staying away from buildings if possible.
  • Tsunami warning systems and securing evacuation routes.
119
Q

What are adaptation strategies to earthquakes?

A
  • Buildings will be designed to withstand tall, strong earthquakes.
120
Q

What is basaltic lava?

A
  • Lava that is very hot and has low viscosity.
121
Q

What is anndesitic/rhyolitic lava?

A
  • Lava that is more viscous but slower.
122
Q

What happens with volcanos at destructive margins?

A
  • Cause magma to rise to the surface, forming blockages which are cleared by violent eruptions.
123
Q

Where can volcanoes also happen?m

A
  • At hotspots, which are away from plate margins.
124
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A
  • Super heated gas, ash and rock that flows down the sides of volcanoes.
  • They are high speed meaning relatively little warning and they cause death.
125
Q

What are lava flows?

A
  • Lava can flow up to 10 kilometres per hour on a steep slope and may travel tens of kilometres.
126
Q

What are volcanic gases?

A
  • Gases such as CO2 and sulfur diocide which gets released when a volcano erupts.
  • These gases are harmful to humans and animals if they’re breathed in.
127
Q

What are mudflows?

A
  • Occur when volcanic material mixes with large amounts of water, the flows do move very quickly.
  • Mudflows destroyn natural habitats.
128
Q

What is acid rain?

A
  • Created when volcanic gases react with water vapour in the atmosphere.
  • Acid rain damages ecosystems and causes stone and metal to deteriorate.
129
Q

What is the magnitude of volcanoes?

A
  • Some volcanoes range from small, slow lava flows to huge lava flows that are extremely deadly.
130
Q

What is the frequency of volcanoes?

A
  • Some volcanoes erupt once every 100,000 years but others erupt once every few months.
131
Q

What is the pattern of randomness of volcanoes?

A
  • Some volcanoes erupt at very regular intervals but others are irregular.
132
Q

How do we monitor earthquakes?

A
  • Monitoring the change in shape of volcanoes.
133
Q

What are the social impacts of volcanic events?

A
  • People are killed
  • Buildings and infrastrucutre are destroyed.
  • Pyroclastic flows can start fires
  • Mudflows can cause further death
134
Q

What are the environmental impacts of volcanoes?

A
  • Volcanic gases contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect and the gases cover ckouds preventing sunlight from hitting the Earth.
  • Acid rain causes rocks and stones to deterioate.
135
Q

What are the economic impacts of volcanoes?

A
  • Destroys businesses/ash couds prevent aircraft flying and damage crops.
  • Damage to buildings lead to expensive repairs.
  • However, eurptions and the scenary can attract tourists, boosting the economy.
136
Q

What are the political impacts of volcanoes?

A
  • Potential political unrest.
  • Limit development due to the issue of repairing infrastructure.
137
Q

What are short term responses to volcanoes?

A
  • Evacuating people from the volcano and providing emergency aid for people.
138
Q

What are the preparation strategies of volcanoes?

A
  • We can prepare better by securing evacuation routes and educate people om what to do in the event of a volcano.
139
Q

What prevention strategies are there for volcanic events?

A
  • Prevention strategies include volcanic monitoring systems and investigating the change in shape and structure of volcanoes which may signal earthquake formings.
140
Q

What is a constructive margin?

A
  • Occurs where two plates are moving apart.
141
Q

Why does magma rise?

A
  • It is less dense than the plates above it.
142
Q

What happens when magma rises?

A
  • It forms a volcano.
143
Q

What is a plate crack called?

A
  • Fault line
144
Q

What are the 2 landforms that constructive margins create?

A
  • Rift valley
  • Ocean ridges
145
Q

What are rift valleys?

A
  • Where plates diverge beneath land, rising magma causes fault lines to occur.
  • Crust continues to drop down between parallel faults.
146
Q

What are ocean ridges?

A
  • Where diverging plates are underwater, an ocean ridge forms.
  • For example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
147
Q

What are destructive margins?

A
  • Where two plates move towards one another.
148
Q

What happens when continental and oceanic crust moves towards each other?

A
  • The more dense oceanic plate is forced under the less dense continental plate.
  • This forms a deep sea trench.
  • The oceanic crust is heated by fricton and contact with the upper mantle to form magma.
  • magma rises back to the surface to form volcanoes.
  • When plates move under the other, they can get stuck, causing pressure to build up eventually causing an Earthquake.
149
Q

What happens when oceanic and oceanic crust move towards each other?

A
  • Denser oceanic plate is subducted to form a deep sea trench.
150
Q

What happens when continental and continental crust move towards each other?

A
  • Earthquakes happen but not volcanoes as no plate is subducted but fold mountains can form.
151
Q

What are conservative plate boundaries?

A
  • Two plates are moving past each other in a parallel motion.
152
Q

How are earthquakes triggered at conservative plate boundaries?

A
  • Plates jerk past each other releasing energy as an earthquake.
153
Q

What is a magma plume?

A
  • Vertical colum of extra-hot magma that rises up from the mantle
  • Volcanoes form above magma plumes
  • The crust moves above it
  • New volcanoes form, creating a chain
154
Q

Characteristics of the inner core?

A
  • Solid ball made from iron and nickel
155
Q

Characteristics of the outer core?

A
  • Semi-molten made from iron and nickel
156
Q

Characteristics of the lower mantle closest to the core?

A
  • Very rigid
157
Q

Characteristics of the asthenosphere?

A
  • Layer above the lower mantle and semi-molten.
158
Q

Characteristics of the upper mantle?

159
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A
  • Continental and Oceanic.
160
Q

Outline the Convection Current theory?

A
  • The Earth’s mantle is hottest when closest to the CORE.
  • So the lower asthenosphere heats up and rises.
  • It then cools and sinks
  • This reptitive circular movement of semi-molten rock is called convection currents and they create a drag on the tectonic base.
161
Q

Outline the Slab Pull theory.

A
  • As denser crust is subducted, the sinking pulls the rest of the plate towards the boundary.
162
Q

Outline the Ridge Push theory.

A
  • Constructive plate margins see magma rise to the surface to form new crust.
  • New crust is hot and heats the surrounding crust which then expands and rises to form a slope.
  • New crust cools and gravity causes the denser rock to move downslope.
  • Pressure builds causing more movement apart.
163
Q

Outline sea floor spreading?

A
  • Magma rises up to fill the gap created by constructive plate boundaries
  • New crust keeps forming, the crust is dragged apart
  • If this happens underneath the sea, the sea floor gets wider
  • This creates ocean ridges
164
Q

What is a hazard?

A
  • A potential threat to human life/property
165
Q

How do people view hazards differently?

A
  • Some accept, ignore or adapt to hazards.
166
Q

List factors that affect the perception of a hazard?

A
  • Religion, education, past experience, personality.
167
Q

Outline the park model?

A
  • Pre-disaster - (when the situation is normal)
  • Disruption (There is destruction by a natural hazard)
  • Relief (Rescue efforts focus on saving people)
  • Rehabilitation (focussing on fixing long term issues)
  • Reconstruction (Involves rebuilding permanent houses)
168
Q

What are the 4 stages of the hazard management cycle?

A
  • Mitigation
  • Preparedness
  • Response
  • Recovery
169
Q

When was the Iceland Earthquake?

170
Q

What was the cause of the Iceland Earthquake?

A
  • Magma rose through the crust due to divergent plate movement.
171
Q

What are 4 primary impacts of the Iceland Earthquake?

A
  • 800 evacuated
  • Ash cloud disrupted air travel in Europe for 6 days.
  • 100,000 flights were cancelled, affecting 10 million passengers.
  • The ash contaminated local water supplies.
172
Q

What are 2 secondary impacts of the Iceland Earthqauke?

A
  • The airlines lost over £130 million per day during the peak disruption.
  • Tourism in Iceland initally dropped
173
Q

What are 2 short term responses of the Iceland Earthquake?

A
  • Immediate evacuation of people in danger zones.
  • Local roads closed due to flooding and ash.
174
Q
  • What are 3 long term responses of the Iceland Earthquake?
A
  • Volcanic ash forcecasting and satellite monitoring.
  • Development of the EU aviation policies to prevent full shutdowns in the future.
  • Public education.
175
Q

When was the Mount Nyiragongo Volcano?

176
Q

What were the causes of Mount Nyiragongo?

A
  • Movement along the rift valley caused cracks in the volcanic flanks.
  • Volcanic lava escaped from fissure and flowed towards Goma.
177
Q

What were the 4 primary impacts of Mount Nyiragongo?

A
  • 40% of Goma was destroyed.
  • 147 people were killed
  • 350,000 people were evacuated to Rwanda
  • Infrastructure was destroyed.
178
Q

What were 3 secondary impacts of Mount Nyiragongo?

A
  • Cholera outbreaks in camps due to the lack of clean water.
  • Looting massively increased
  • The Goma economy collapsed.
179
Q

What were 2 short term responses to Mount Nyiragongo?

A
  • The UN and NGO’s provided emergency aid.
  • UN peacekpeepers helped maintain order in Goma.
180
Q

What were 3 long term responses to Mount Nyiragongo?

A
  • Goma volcano observatory was tasked with monitoring Nyiragongo.
  • International funding was granted for rebuilding homes.
  • Plans were put in place for better evacuation strategies and early warning systems.
181
Q

when was the Nepal Earthquake?

182
Q

What was the magnitude of the Nepal Earthquake?

183
Q

What were 3 primary impacts of the Nepal Earthquake?

A
  • 9000 killed, 22,000 injured
  • 600,000 homes were destroyed
  • Electricity/water supplies were cut
184
Q

What were 4 secondary impacts of the Nepal Earthquake?

A
  • Landslides and avalanches occured especially in the Himalayas, killed 19.
  • Tourism declined
  • Food shortages occured due to blocked supply.
  • The economy lost around $5 billion
185
Q

What were 3 short term responses to the Nepal Earthquake?

A
  • Nepal sought international help hours after the event.
  • Rescue and relief teams from India, China, UK and US helped Nepal.
  • Temporary shelters and aid from NGOs such as the Red Cross
186
Q

What were 3 long term responses to the Nepal Earthquake?

A
  • ‘Build Back Better’ schemes
  • Disaster preparedness education increased
  • The Government received $274 million from the Asian Development Bank.

AQA A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY (9 decks)

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