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Physical Geo > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hazard?

A

a potential threat to human life and property caused by an event

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2
Q

how is a hazard different to a disaster?

A

a disaster occurs when a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard, causing significant disruption

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3
Q

how does experience affect hazard perception?

A

those with more experience may better understand hazards, but some may develop an optimistic outlook, thinking hazards wont repeat

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3
Q

what are hydrometeorological hazards?

A

hazards that are both atmospheric and hydrological, such as tropical storms

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4
Q

what are the three main types of geographical hazard?

A
  • geophysical (land processes, tectonics)
  • atmospheric (weather systems)
  • hydrological (water bodies/ movement)
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4
Q

how can religion and beliefs influence hazard perception

A

some may see hazards as part of a divine plan

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5
Q

how does wealth affect hazard perception?

A

wealthier people may perceive hazards as smaller due to less vulnerability, but may also see greater financial risks

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6
Q

how does education affect hazard perception?

A

more educated individuals may understand the full effects of a hazard leading them to take precautions

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7
Q

example of a geophysical hazard

A
  • volcanic eruptions
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7
Q

how does mobility influence hazard perception?

A

those with limited mobility may perceive hazards as greater threats as they cannot escape

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8
Q

example of an atmospheric hazard

A
  • wildfires
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9
Q

example of a hydrological hazard

A
  • floods
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10
Q

what is fatalism in the context of hazards?

A

the belief that hazards are uncontrollable natural events and any losses should be accepted

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11
Q

what is prediction in hazard response

A

using scientific research and past events to anticipate when a hazard will occur, allowing for warnings and prevention

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12
Q

what is mitigation in hazard response?

A

strategies carried out to lessen the severity of a hazard, such as using sandbags dooring floods

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13
Q

what is adaptation in hazard response?

A

adjusting lifestyle choices to reduce vulnerability, such as building earthquake proof houses

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14
Q

what is risk sharing in hazard response?

A

a community collectively investing in strategies to mitigate the impact of future hazards, like insurance in new zeland

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15
Q

how does hazard incidence affect human response?

A

low incidence hazards may have fewer management strategies in place and may be harder to predict

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16
Q

how does hazard distribution affect human response?

A

high distribution areas are likely to have more management strategies in place

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17
Q

how does prediction help reduce hazard impacts?

A

allows for warnings and in some cases prediction, like predicting wildfires from climate indicators

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17
Q

what is the difference between magnitude and intensity?

A

magnitude is the definable size of of a hazard, while intensity refers to the effects on people

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18
Q

how does economic development influence hazard response?

A

wealthier areas are more likely to have mitigation strategies, while less developed areas may experience worse effects from the same hazard

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19
Q

what challenges can HICs experience in hazard preparedness?

A
  • resource limitations in multi hazard environments, like Canada’s limited response to tsunamis due to its focus on wildfires
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20
Q

what happens in stage one of the park model?

A

relief
- immediate local response
- medical aid
- foreign aid

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20
Q

what is the park model?

A

a graphical representation of human responses to hazards, showing recovery stages after a hazard, including the speed and depth of deterioration and recovery

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20
Q

what happens in stage 2 of the park model?

A

rehabilitation
- services are restored
- temporary shelters and hospitals

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21
Q

what happens in stage 3 of the park model?

A

reconstruction:
- restoring the area to the same or a better quality of life
- mitigation

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22
Q

how does the park model compare different hazards?

A

shows that more catastrophic hazards have steeper curves and slower recovery times

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23
Q

what is the hazard management cycle?

A

outlines stages of response to hazards: preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation

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24
Q

what are the limitations of hazard models like the park model?

A
  • may not accurately represent the responses to all hazards
  • may not account for factors such as development level or intensity
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25
Q

Structure of the earth- Inner core

A
  • solid ball of iron/ nickel
    -very hot due to pressure and radioactive decay
26
Q

Structure of the earth- outer core

A
  • semi molten
  • iron/ nickel
27
Q

Structure of the earth- mantle

A
  • mainly solid rock
  • high in silicon
    -top layer (asthenosphere) is where convection currents occur
28
Q

Structure of the earth- asthenosphere

A
  • semi- molten layer that constantly moves due to convection currents
29
Q

Structure of the earth- lithosphere

A
  • broken into plates
  • majority within the mantle
    -the top is the earths crust
30
Q

Structure of the earth- crust

A
  • thin top of the lithosphere
    -oceanic crust: dense, destroyed by plate movement
  • continental crust: less dense
31
Q

what causes convection currents?

A

heat from the inner core rises through the mantle, making magma less dense. The magma cools becomes denser and sinks, creating a continuous loop

32
Q

Plate tectonic theory

A

the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the asthenosphere

33
Q

what are the three main types of plate boundaries?

A

Destructive:
- move towards each other
Constructive:
- move away from each other
Conservative:
- move parallel to each other

34
Q

what happens at a destructive plate boundary ( continental and oceanic)

A
  • denser oceanic plate subducts below the continental plate, forming deep ocean trenches and fold mountains
  • subducted oceanic crust melts, creating pressure that leads to volcanoes
35
Q

what happens at a destructive plate boundary between two oceanic plates?

A
  • the heavier plate subducts, forming ocean trenches and fold mountains
  • underwater volcanoes form new land
36
Q

what happens at a destructive plate boundary (two continental)

A
  • no subduction occurs but pressure builds, causing fold mountains
37
Q

what happens at a constructive plate boundary between two oceanic plates?

A
  • magma rises between the separating plates , forming new land (sea floor spreading)
  • less explosive underwater volcanoes as magma rises
38
Q

what is sea floor spreading?

A
  • the formation of new oceanic crust as magma fills gaps between separating plates
39
Q

how is sea floor spreading evidenced?

A
  • paleomagnetism shows symmetrical bands of rock with alternating magnetic polarity as proof of plate movment
40
Q

what happens at a constructive plate boundary (continental and continental)

A
  • land is forced apart, creating rift valleys
  • volcanoes can form
41
Q

What is ridge push?

A
  • gravity acts on the slope created by separating plates, pushing them further apart and widening the gap
42
Q

what is slab pull?

A

a subducting plate pulls the rest of the plate with it into the mantle, causing further subduction

43
Q

what happens at a conservative plate boundary

A
  • plates move parallel to each other in different directions or speeds
  • no landforms but pressure can cause fault lines
44
Q

what are lava flows?

A
  • vary in speed depending on viscosity
  • silica makes lava viscous and slow
  • common in explosive eruptions
45
Q

what are hotspots?

A

areas of of volcanic activity unrelated to plate boundaries where magma plumes rise and burn through the crust, creating volcanoes and islands i.e. Hawaii

46
Q

what are lahars?

A
  • mudflows caused by melting ice during eruptions
  • can flow rapidly and cause significant damage
47
Q

what are toxic gasses in volcanic eruptions

A
  • gases such as CO2 can be released and pose a lethal risk
48
Q

what causes acid rain during volcanic eruptions?

A
  • gases like sulfur dioxide are released into the atmosphere, causing acid rain
48
Q

what is the difference between explosive and effusive eruptions?

A
  • Explosive eruptions have high magnitude and release more tephra, while effusive eruptions are calmer and lower magnitude.
49
Q

what are pyroclastic flows

A
  • clouds of hot ash and gas that travel at high speeds
  • up to 430mph
50
Q

What are the primary effects of volcanic hazards on the environment?

A
  • Ecosystems damaged
  • wildlife may be killed due to various volcanic hazards.
50
Q

what is the ring of fire?

A
  • 25,000 mile belt around the pacific ocean known for high volcanic and earthquake activity
50
Q

what is the volcanic explosivity index (VEI)?

A
  • a logarithmic scale measuring the power of volcanic eruptions based on factors such as tephra volume and eruption height
51
Q

What are the primary social effects of volcanic hazards?

A
  • People killed
  • homes destroyed by lava or pyroclastic flows
  • key government buildings may be damaged.
52
Q

What are the secondary economic effects of volcanic hazards?

A
  • Jobs lost
  • businesses and industries disrupted
  • financial benefits from tourism.
53
Q

How can volcanic hazards be managed through preparedness?

A
  • Monitoring
  • evacuation procedures
  • educating people in risk areas can reduce impacts
53
Q

What are the secondary social effects of volcanic hazards?

A
  • Fires
  • homelessness
  • conflicts over government response and food shortages
54
Q

How can volcanic hazards be managed through adaptation?

A
  • Move away from at-risk areas
  • strengthen buildings
  • capitalize on tourism opportunities
55
Q

Can volcanic eruptions be predicted?

A
  • seismic activity and gas release can indicate an eruption
  • exact predictions are not possible
56
Q

What causes plates to become stuck during movement?

A
  • Plates can become stuck due to friction between their irregularities, building up pressure until the plates give way, releasing seismic waves
57
Q

How does pressure build up between plates?

A
  • Plates become stuck, but convection currents continue to push, building pressure until the plates move suddenly, causing seismic waves.
58
Q

What is the focus and epicenter of an earthquake?

A
  • The focus is the point underground where the earthquake originates
  • The epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.
58
Q

How does the depth of focus affect earthquake magnitude?

A
  • Shallow focuses (e.g., at conservative boundaries) produce stronger seismic waves near the epicenter, while deeper focuses spread the waves over a larger area.
59
Q

What are shockwaves in earthquakes?
he ground to vibrate.

A
  • Shockwaves (or seismic waves) occur when plates release built-up pressure, transferring potential energy into kinetic energy, causing the ground to vibrate.
59
Q

How is seismicity measured?

A
  • logarithmic Richter Scale (strength of seismic waves) and the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (level of destruction).
60
Q

What is a tsunami, and how does it form during an earthquake?

A
  • A tsunami occurs when an oceanic crust is jolted, displacing water above it. The waves travel fast but low, gaining height as they reach shallower coastal waters.
61
Q

What is liquefaction?

A
  • Liquefaction occurs when saturated soil is shaken during an earthquake, making it behave like a liquid, weakening it and causing the ground to subside under weight.
62
Q

How does a tsunami’s height increase as it approaches the coast?

A
  • As the tsunami reaches the coast, friction between the seabed and the waves slows them down, causing the wave height to increase, creating a large wall of water
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Physical Geo (11 decks)

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