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A-Level Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a natural hazard ?

A

A natural occurrence that poses a risk to people. Both the frequency and severity are being increased by humans.

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2
Q

What are three types of natural hazard ?

A
  • Geo-physical
  • Hydrological
  • Atmospheric
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3
Q

What are the five characteristics of a natural hazard ?

A
  • Little or no warning
  • Clear origins and effects
  • Involuntary exposure to risks
  • Most losses to life and damage to properties
  • Scale and impact involves emergency services
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4
Q

Why do people constantly put themselves at risks of natural hazards ?

A
  • Poverty
  • Events are unpredictable
  • Perception
  • Lack of alternatives
  • Changing the levels of risk culture
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5
Q

How does socioeconomic status affect perception of risk ?

A

HIC > greater preparedness > lower sense of risk > voluntary > more controlled

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6
Q

How does level of education affect perception of risk ?

A

Poor education > less awareness of extent > do not prepare

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7
Q

How does religion affect perception of risk ?

A

“act of god” nothing you can do (fatalism)

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8
Q

How does past experience affect perception of risk

A

Prism of experience > only perceive in relation to what you have experienced.
Underestimate > Lightning never strikes twice > idea of regulation > more past experience > more accurate

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9
Q

Define “Community preparedness/risk sharing”

A

Prearranged measures that aim to reduce loss of life and property damage through public education and awareness programmes and insurance.

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10
Q

Define “Integrated risk management”

A

The process of considering the social, economic and political factors involved in rick analysis.

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11
Q

Define “Resilience”

A

The sustained ability of an individual or communities to be able to utilize available resources to respond to, withstand and recover from the effects of natural hazard effects.

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12
Q

What are the four stages of the disaster risk management cycle ?

A
  • Mitigation
  • Recovery
  • Response
  • Preparedness
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13
Q

Two positives and negatives of the disaster risk management cycle ?

A

+ It is a cycle
+ Shows media attention
- Generic
- Doesn’t show slow onset disasters

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14
Q

What are the five stages of the Park model ?

A
  • Pre-disaster
  • Relief
  • Recovery
  • Reconstruction
  • Rehabilitation
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15
Q

What does the Park model show changes over time ?

A

Quality of life

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16
Q

Give two negatives and positives about the Park model ?

A

+ Shows rapid and slow onset
+ Compare and contrast
- Doesn’t show pre onset modifications
- No quantitative date - subjective

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17
Q

What does the depth of the curve show about the country’s response to a disaster ?

A

Intensity

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18
Q

What does the steepness of the upward curve show about the country’s response to a disaster ?

A

Response

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19
Q

What does the steepness of the downward curve show about the country’s response to a disaster ?

A

Type of hazard

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20
Q

Describe the inner core

A

Main elements : Iron and nickel
State of matter : Solid
Average temperature : 6000 degrees celsius

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21
Q

Describe the outer core

A

Main elements : Iron and nickel
State of matter : Liquid
Average temperature : 4000 - 5000 degree celsius

22
Q

Describe the mantle

A

Main elements : Iron, magnesium, sulphides, and oxides of silica and magnesium.
State of matter : Liquid (semi-molten)
Average temperature : 3000 degree celsius

23
Q

Describe the crust

A

Main elements : Oceanic (Basalt) and Continental (Granite)
State of matter : Solid

24
Q

Describe the oceanic crust ?

A
  • Under oceans
  • Less than 200 million years old
  • Denser
25
Q

Describe the continental crust ?

A
  • Under continents
  • Over 1500 million years old
  • Less dense then oceanic crust
26
Q

Outline the process of convection currents in the asthenosphere

A
  • Magma at the earths core > thermal plumes at the asthenosphere.
  • As magma rises it becomes less dense, as it reaches the lithosphere it moves sideways.
  • The basal drag moves the plates.
  • The magma cools becomes more dense and sinks, this becomes a continuous cycle.
27
Q

Outline the process of gravitational sliding

A
  • At a constructive plate boundary, magma rises to the surface.
  • As hot magma rises it heats the surrounding rocks and expands them, causing them to elevate above the sea floor > forming a slope.
  • Gravity causes the cooling and therefore more dense lava to move downslope.
  • This applies pressure to the plate, causing them to move apart.
28
Q

Outline the process of slab pull

A
  • At destructive plate boundaries the oceanic plate is subducted as it is less dense.
  • The cold dense plate moves downwards due to gravity, because it is more dense than the asthenosphere.
  • This pulls the rest of the plate through > forming an ocean trench.
29
Q

What did Alfred Wegener suggest ?

A

Continental drift

30
Q

What evidence did Wegener use in support ? (biological and geological evidence)

A

Biological
- Brachiopods
- Mesosaurus
Geological
- Glacial deposits
- Jigsaw (Pangea)

31
Q

What is sea floor spreading ?

A

When the sea floor moves away from the mid-oceanic ridge. The lines are a result from the earths magnetic field changing.

32
Q

What is a primary hazard ?

A

An impact that occurs immediately after the event

33
Q

What is a secondary hazard ?

A

An impact that occurs because of the primary hazard

34
Q

Give ONE example of a primary VOLCANIC hazard ?

A

Lava flows

35
Q

Give ONE example of a secondary VOLCANIC hazard ?

A

Lahars

36
Q

How was the earth formed ?

A
  • Accretion (gravitational attraction and collision of meteorites)
  • Temperature rise above 2000C (due to meteorite collision, radioactive decay, planetary compression )
  • Earth cooled > layers formed > heavier materials sank and lighter rocks rose above.
37
Q

What are two reasons why the earths core is so hot ?

A
  • Primordial heat
  • Radiogenic heat
38
Q

What is the asthenosphere ?

A

Semi-molten lower mantle

39
Q

What is the lithosphere ?

A

Crust, rigid upper mantle

40
Q

What does vulnerability mean ?

A

How susceptible a place is to damage by a hazard

41
Q

What is a multi-hazard environment ?

A

When a place is at risk of more than one hazard occurring at the same time.

42
Q

Describe the spacial distribution of tropical storms ?

A
  • 27C oceans
  • 70+m oceans
  • 5-20N/S on the equator
43
Q

What does adaptation mean ?

A

How a community changes its lifestyle to suit a hazard to reduce the damages.

44
Q

What does fatalism mean ?

A

Religion –> in the hands of god nothing you can do

45
Q

What does mitigation mean ?

A

To reduce the severity of a hazard

46
Q

Why is perception important in the context of hazards ?

A

Allows people to save lives and also allows protection and prevention.

47
Q

What are 3 ways people may perceive natural hazards ?

A
  • Fatalism
  • Fear
  • Adaption
48
Q

How do plates move at conservative plate boundaries ?

A

apart

49
Q

How do plates move at destructive plate boundaries ?

A

towards

50
Q

How do plates move at conservative plate boundaries ?

A

next to each other

A-Level Geography (5 decks)

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