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Geography Year11 > Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth Flashcards

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1
Q

Aftershocks

A

Less-powerful earthquake which follows a more-powerful earthquake – a result of the fault ‘settling’ into its new position

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2
Q

Aid

A

Short-term help – such as food, given in emergency, or long-term help
– such as training in health care

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3
Q

Atmopshere

A

The layer of gases above the Earth’s surface

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4
Q

Collision zones

A

Where two tectonic plates collide – forming mountains fold mountains
like the Himalayas

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5
Q

Conservative plate boundary

A

Where two tectonic plates are sliding alongside each other, in the
same or different directions

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6
Q

Continental crust

A

The part of the Earth’s crust that makes up land, on average 30-50 km thick

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7
Q

Convection currents

A

Currents which transfer heat from one part of a liquid or gas to another.

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8
Q

Convergent plate boundary

A

Where two tectonic plates collide

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9
Q

Core

A

The centre of Earth, believed to be solid inside with a hot liquid outer core

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10
Q

Coriolis force

A

A strong force created by the Earth’s rotation. It can cause storms,
including hurricanes

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11
Q

Divergent plate boundary

A

Where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other

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12
Q

Economic impacts

A

Impacts on the wealth of an area

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13
Q

Enhanced greenhouse effect

A

The increased effectiveness of the greenhouse effect, believed to be
the cause of recent global warming

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14
Q

Epicentre

A

The point on the ground directly above the focus (centre) of an earthquake

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15
Q

Eye of the storm

A

The centre of a storm, consisting of calm, descending dense air

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16
Q

Ferrel cell

A

Part of the global circulation model, where Earth’s atmosphere
consists of descending cool, dry air

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17
Q

Focus

A

The point of origin of an earthquake

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18
Q

Geothermal

A

Heat from inside the Earth

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19
Q

Global circulation model

A

A theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a series of
three cells each side of the Equator

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20
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The way that gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun. Like the glass
in a greenhouse – they let heat in, but prevent most of it from escaping

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21
Q

Greenhouse gas

A

Gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat around the
Earth, leading to global warming

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22
Q

Gulf stream

A

A warm ocean current that begins in the Gulf of Mexico and is blown northeast across the North Atlantic

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23
Q

Hadley cell

A

The largest section of the global circulation model, found above the
tropics and caused by the heating and cooling of Earth’s atmosphere

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24
Q

Hot spots

A

Columns of heat in Earth’s mantle found in the middle of a tectonic plate

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25
Q

Hurricane

A

The term given to a tropical cyclones in the USA and Caribbean

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26
Q

Ice cores

A

Columns of ice that are extracted from ice sheets and used to
reconstruct temperature patterns

27
Q

Inter tropical convergence zone

A

A narrow zone of low pressure near the Equator where northern and
southern air masses converge

28
Q

Lava

A

Melted rock that erupts from a volcano

29
Q

Levee

A

Embankments found on either side of a river, formed naturally by regular
flooding or built up by people to protect the area against flooding

30
Q

Lithosphere

A

The cool and brittle uppermost layer of the Earth. It includes the very
top of the mantle and, above this, the crust

31
Q

Magma

A

Melted rock below the Earth’s surface. When it reaches the surface it is called lava

32
Q

Magnetosphere

A

A huge invisible magnetic field that surrounds Earth, protecting it
from harmful radiation from space and the sun

33
Q

Magnitude

A

Of an earthquake (how much the ground shakes), an expression of
the total energy released

34
Q

Mantle

A

The middle layer of the Earth. It lies between the crust and the core and is about 2900 km thick. Its outer layer is the asthenosphere.
Below the asthenosphere it consists mainly of solid rock

35
Q

Milankovitch cycles

A

The three long-term cycles in the Earth’s orbit around the sun.
Milankovitch’s theory is that glacials happen when the three cycles
match up in a certain way

36
Q

North Atlantic Drift

A

A warm ocean current that branches off from the Gulf Stream into the North Atlantic Ocean

37
Q

Ocean currents

A

Permanent or semi-permanent large-scale horizontal movements of
the ocean waters

38
Q

Oceanic crust

A

The part of the Earth’s crust which is under the oceans, usually
6-8 km thick

39
Q

Plate boundaries

A

Where tectonic plates meet. There are three kinds of boundary a) divergent – when two plates move apart b) convergent – when two plates collide c) conservative – when two plates slide past one another

40
Q

Plumes

A

Upwelling of molten rock through the asthenosphere to the

lithosphere

41
Q

Polar cell

A

Sections of the Earth’s atmosphere found above the North and

South Poles, consisting of descending cold, dry air

42
Q

Primary effects

A

The direct impacts of event, usually occurring instantly

43
Q

Pyroclasts

A

Fragments of volcanic material that is thrown out during explosive eruptions

44
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Atoms of unstable elements release particles from their nuclei and
give off heat

45
Q

Refugees

A

People who are forced to move due to natural hazards or war

46
Q

Relief effort

A

Help given by organisations or countries to help those facing an emergency

47
Q

Richter scale

A

A scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes

48
Q

Risk Zone

A

Areas assessed upon the likelihood of hazardous events happening, such as storm surges

49
Q

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale

A

A scale that classifies hurricanes into five different categories according to their wind strength

50
Q

Secondary effects

A

The indirect impacts of an event, usually occurring in the hours, weeks,
months or years after the event

51
Q

Seismometer

A

A machine for recording and measuring an earthquake using the Richter scale

52
Q

Social impacts

A

The impacts of an event upon people

53
Q

Solar insolation

A

The Sun’s energy

54
Q

Storm surge

A

A rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and
strong winds

55
Q

Stratosphere

A

The layer of air 10-50km above the Earth’s surface. It is above the
cloudy layer we live in, the troposphere

56
Q

Stratovolcano

A

Type of volcano characterised by steep sides, also known as a composite cone

57
Q

Subduction

A

Describes oceanic crust sinking into the mantle at a convergent plate
boundary. As the crust subducts, it melts back into the mantle

58
Q

Sunspots

A

A dark patch that occasionally appears on the surface of the Sun

59
Q

Tectonic hazards

A

Natural events caused by movement of the Earth’s plates that affect
people and property

60
Q

Tectonic plate

A

The Earth’s surface is broken into large pieces, like a cracked
eggshell. The pieces are called tectonic plates, or just plates

61
Q

Tropical cyclone

A

An area of low pressure with winds moving in a spiral around a calm central point called the eye of the storm – winds are powerful and rainfall is heavy

62
Q

Tsunami

A

Earthquakes beneath the sea bed generate huge waves that travel up to 900km/h

63
Q

Typhoon

A

Term given to a tropical cyclone in the western North Pacific

64
Q

Volcanic explosivity index

A

Measures the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions on a scale of 1 to 8

Geography Year11 (5 decks)

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