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Geography Year11 > Development Dynamics > Flashcards

Development Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Bottom-up Development

A

Experts work with communities to identify their needs, offer assistance and let people have more control over their lives, often run by non-governmental organisations.

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2
Q

Cash Crops

A

Crops sold for cash, directly from farmers to be exported and traded
on global markets

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3
Q

Caste Based Society

A

The Hindu caste system determines a person’s status (and job), a
social custom found traditional rural villages in India

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4
Q

Clark Fisher Model

A

Theory produced by two economists, Clark and Fisher, that explains changes in employment structure as countries develop their economies

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5
Q

Colonisation

A

When another country takes over a foreign land and applies a system of power

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6
Q

Communism

A

Is a system of government, based on the theories of Karl Marx, which believes in sharing wealth between all people

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7
Q

Containerization

A

The transport of goods using container ships

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8
Q

Core region

A

Areas within a country that are important economic hubs, with high levels of employment and technological innovation

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9
Q

Cycle of poverty

A

A set of factors that cause continuous poverty unless

intervention is made

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10
Q

Demographic data

A

All data linked to population e.g. birth rate, death rate etc.

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11
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The proportion of people below (aged 0-14) and above (over 65) normal working age. The lower the number, the greater the number of people who work and are less dependent

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12
Q

Development indicators

A

Measures of how a country is improving

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13
Q

Economic liberalisation

A

When a country’s economy is given the freedom of a ‘market economy’, consumers and companies decide what people buy based on demand

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14
Q

Emerging countries

A

A country with high-to-medium human development, and recent economic growth

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15
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of births per woman

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16
Q

Footloose

A

Term used to describe companies that are able to locate anywhere
there is high-quality communication links

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17
Q

Foreign Direct Investment

A

Unrestricted flows of capital (money) from one country to another

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18
Q

Frank’s Dependency Theory

A

Theory developed by economist André Frank that describes development using two types of global region (core and periphery)

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19
Q

Gross Domestic Product

A

The total value of *goods and *services produced by a country in one year

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20
Q

Globalisation

A

Increased connections between countries

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21
Q

High Income Countries

A

Countries where employment is dominated by tertiary and quaternary sectors

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22
Q

Human Development Index

A

A standard means of measuring human development

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23
Q

Industrialisation

A

Where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend on manufacturing industries instead

24
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday

25
Q

Infrastructure

A

The basic services needed for an industrial country to operate e.g. roads, railways, power and water supplies, waste disposal, schools, hospitals, telephones and communication services

26
Q

Inter-Governmental Organisations

A

Governments and agencies working together

27
Q

Intermediate technology

A

Uses low-tech solutions using local materials, labour and expertise to solve problems

28
Q

Irrigation

A

It is the artificial watering of land that allows farming to take place

29
Q

Knowledge economy

A

An economy based on specialised knowledge and skill

30
Q

Level of development

A

Means a country’s wealth (measured by its GDP), and its social and political progress (e.g. its education, health care or democratic process in which everyone can vote freely

31
Q

Maternal mortality

A

The number of mothers per 100 000 who die in childbirth

32
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person can expect to live

33
Q

Low Income Countries

A

countries where employment is dominated by the primary sector e.g.
farming

34
Q

Middle Income Countries

A

Countries dominated by the secondary sector (manufacturing), which often have large reserves of raw materials which has encouraged investment and growth e.g. Brazil and Chile

35
Q

Multiplier effect

A

When people or businesses move to an area and invest money on housing and services, which in turn creates more jobs and attracts more people

36
Q

New economy

A

Economy based on the sale of services, rather than manufactured products

37
Q

Newly Industrialising Countries

A

The name given to countries that have very recently started to rapidly develop, such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia (the ‘Asian
Tigers’)

38
Q

Non governmental organisations

A

NGOs work to make life better, especially for the poor. Oxfam, the
Red Cross and Greenpeace are all NGOs

39
Q

Outsourcing

A

Using people in other countries to provide services if they can do so more cheaply e.g. call centres

40
Q

Population structure

A

The number of each sex in each age group (e.g. 10-14), usually displayed in a population pyramid diagram

41
Q

Primary products

A

Raw materials

42
Q

Purchasing Power Parity

A

Shows what you can buy in each country, now used to measure

GDP

43
Q

Rostow’s theory

A

Theory by Walt Rostow about the economic growth of countries

44
Q

Quaternary sector

A

Employment based on highly specialised knowledge and skill

45
Q

Recently Industrialising countries

A

Countries such as China and India which have recently industrialised

46
Q

Rural-urban migration

A

The movement of people from the countryside to the cities, normally
to escape from poverty and to search for work

47
Q

Secondary products

A

Manufactured goods

48
Q

Secondary sector

A

Employment based in manufacturing

49
Q

Subsistence farming

A

Where farmers grow food to feed their families, rather than to sell

50
Q

Tariff

A

Additional cost added to the price of traded goods

51
Q

Terms of trade

A

Means the value of a country’s exports relative to that of its imports

52
Q

Tertiary sector

A

Employment based on services

53
Q

Top down development

A

When decision-making about the development of a place is done by governments or large companies

54
Q

Trans-national companies

A

Those which operate across more than one country

55
Q

World Trade Organisation

A

A global organisation dedicated to making trade between countries
easier

Geography Year11 (5 decks)

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