Hazard vulnerability and trends Flashcards
What makes a place vulnerable to a tectonic hazard?
- communications
- location - how far away it is from fault lines, landlocked or coastal
- Type of plate margin
- economy e.g. LIDCs
- Population density
What is a hazard and a disaster
Hazard - A perceived natural even that has the potential to threaten both life and property.
Disaster - The reality of a hazard happening; when it causes significant impact on a vulnerable population
What is the Deggs model
We end up with a disaster if we have a hazardous geophysical event and a vunerable population
What are the factors affecting complex relationship of risk, hazards and people
. unpredictability - Many hazards are unpredictable and people can be caught out by timing or magnitude
. Lack of alternatives - people stay in hazardous areas for a multitude of reasons
. Dynamic hazards - the threat from hazards fluctuates and humans can play a role
. cost benefit - the benefit from staying in a hazardous area may outweigh the risk
. Russian Roulette Reaction - the acceptance of the risk as something that will happen whatever you do.
what is the risk equation
Risk = Hazard x Exposure x
vulnerability/manageability
what is Risk, Exposure, vulnerability and manageability
Risk = likely impact a hazard can have
Exposure = Proximity to a hazard
vulnerability = How susceptible people are to loss due to where they live
manageability = How can it be managed? level of management
What stages does the pressure release model have?
- Root causes
- dynamic pressure
- unsafe conditions
Hazards
What are the factors in
root causes and dynamic pressures in the pressure model
- Root causes -
- Low access to resources
-political/ economic problems - Dynamic pressure
- lack of education
- Rapid population change and urbanisation
What are the factors in unsafe conditions and Hazards in the pressure model
- Unsafe conditions -
- poor construction standards
- unsafe infrastructure
- poverty
- lack of social safety net
Hazards - Storm surge, flooding, sea level rise, heat, drought, geological disturbance, biological pests and pathogens
What factors can be considered in vulnerability? Examples
- Physical (location) = plate margin, island/ landlocked, mountains/ flat environment
- Economic = Strong economy, infrastructure, roads ,transport, recovery plan, mitigation
- Social = education,
Awareness, preparation, health/age of population - knowledge = Government knowledge , scientific knowledge, planning drills
- Environmental (where people are living) = population density, Building regulations/Laws, squatter settlements, resource building
What factors effect the reliability of data
- primary or secondary hazards
- location of disaster
- priorities of the government
- Data availability in LIDCs
- time scale of hazards
How does
- secondary and primary hazards
- location of disaster and
- government priorities
affect reliability of data
. Primary and secondary impacts - Is the event reported as a single event or separate events. e.g. Japan earthquake and tsunami 2011
. Location of disaster - An earthquake is easy to predict whereas a tropical storm is harder to locate
. Government priorities - Do they invest in recording data? it can impact global data if one country doesn’t publish there data
How does
- Data availability in LIDCs
and
- timescale of disasters
effect the reliability of data
. Data availability in LIDCs - Do they have the availability to record, technology to record or the ability to identify the population e.g. Birth certificates
. Timescale of disasters - How long do you count the deaths afterward? Are missing people classes as dead? How long do we record the falling of buildings
What is a multiple hazard zone
A location where a number of physical hazards combine to create an increased level of risk for the country and its population ( sometimes called hotspots )
describe the global distribution of multiple hazard zones
there are many multiple hazard zones located in eastern asia around Japan and the Philippines who experience regular tropical storms and cyclones but are also vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis
however there are very little multiple hazard zones around Europe and Africa.
hazards are around the pacific ring of fire and plate boundary’s
