Haz Mat Flashcards
Types of breaches:
Attachments ( such as pressure relief devices, discharge valves, or other related equipment) fail, open, or break off when subjected to stress, leading to a total failure of a container.
Attachment (closures) Open or Break
A 15,432 lb blast could cause severe injury and death from building collapse out to ____ feet
328
Considering the very low vapor pressures, _____ agent vapors will not travel far under Normal conditions.
Nerve
______ is made from castor beans
Ricin
Chemical process that occurs when a substance combines with oxygen
Oxidation
A chemical that is known to react to another chemical or compound in a specific way. Often used to detect or synthesize another chemical.
Reagent
The contaminants involved at the incident determine the ___ and ______ of technical Decon.
Type and Scope
_________ are substances that affect the oxygenation of the body and generally lead to Suffocation
Asphyxiants
Standard on Protective clothing for Emergency Medical Operations
NFPA 1999
Conducting Triage: Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 4
Life Threatening injuries and illnesses ( Highest Priority)
Serious, but not life threatening injuries
Minor Injuries
Dead or fatally injured
_____ is a colorless, Non-flammable gas that has the odor of Freshly Cut Hay. Vapor density is much ______ than air. Boiling point is ___ den making it an extremely volatile and non persistent agent.
Phosgene
Heavier
47 degrees
That organizational level having responsibility for a Specified Functional Assignment at an incident.
Group
_______ are materials that are added to products that easily polymerize in order to control or prevent an undesired reaction.
Inhibitors
Most (but not all) flammable liquids have a specific gravity ____ ____ 1 and, if not soluble, will float on water.
Less than
_______ _______ inhibitors are added to liquid _______ when it is shipped in order to prevent the ______ from polymerizing during transport.
Time sensitive
Styrene
Three incident based elements:
Value, Time and Size
A ______ _______ is a system of organizing personnel into workgroups in such a manner that each member has a buddy or partner, so that nobody is working alone.
Buddy System
Material that when offered for transportation or transported in bulk packaging is in a liquid phase and at a temperature at or above ______ _____ _____
Elevated temperature material
A device called a _____________ tube that is attached to the crystal provides the light amplification.
Photomultiplier tube
The maximum pressure under which in atmospheric tank is capable of holding its contents is ____psi
0.5 psi
_______ is the most reactive of all the chemical elements.
Fluorine
Process of deconing Large numbers of people in the fastest possible time to reduce surface contamination to a safe level.
Mass Decon
Low Volatility persistent chemical agent that is absorbed through skin contact and inhaled as a vapor.
Cyclohexyl Sarin (GF)
The Third Section, _____ ______, describes emergency response topics, including precautions for incidents involving Fire, Spills or Leaks, and First Aid.
Emergency Response
Types of breaches:
Welded seam on a tank or drum fails or a seam on a bag of fertilizer rips.
Split or tear
Kills most of the microorganisms present
Disinfection
A ____ spill is one that involves a spill from a large package or multiple spills from many small packages.
Large
Process of removing large particles of contaminant or contaminated materials such as mud from boots or other PPE
Brushing and scraping
Any material that possesses an unreasonable risk to the health and safety of persons and/or the environment if it is not properly controlled during handling storage manufacture processing and packaging use disposal for transportation
Hazardous material
Standard for Professional Competence of responders to Hazardous Materials/weapons of mass destruction incidents
NFPA 472
Dispersion Patterns:
Triangular shaped pattern of a hazardous material with a point source at the breach and a wide base down range
Cone
The maximum concentration for a continuous 15-minute exposure period (maximum of four such periods per day, with as least 60 minutes between exposure periods, provided the daily TLV TWA is not exceeded)
Threshold Limit Value Short Term Exposure LImit
Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Open Circuit Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
NFPA 1852
A regulatory limit on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air
Permissible Exposure Limit
The maximum concentration allowed for a 15 minute exposure period
Short term exposure limit
The management system is designed to provide direction from the top down and is expanded on an as needed basis according to the size and complexity of the incident.
Modular Organization
The Fire Point temp is usually slightly ______ than the Flash Point
Higher
Special purpose foam concentrates that are similar to Class A foams. Low Water Content
High Expansion Foam
Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management Systems
NFPA 1561
Any chemical that ionizes (break down) to yield hydrogen ions in water
Acid
_________ is considered a Tech Level Offensive containment tactic by many experts.
Neutralization
Collection, Preservation, and Sampling of evidence will be performed under the direction of ____ ________ per established procedures
Law Enforcement
Non ambulatory victims not within line of sight are the _____ to be rescued form the Hot Zone.
Last
10% of the IDLH
Levels of Concern
FBI Response Phases:
During this phase, law enforcement Removes hostile threats
Tactical phase
Usually Volatile, Non-persistent chemical agent Mainly INhaled
Sarin (GB)
Process that takes a hazardous liquid and treats it chemically so that it turns into a solid.
Solidification
Usually Moderately volatile chemical agent that can be inhaled or absorbed through skin contact.
Soman (GD)
________ detectors are most useful when detection of very small amounts of radiation is required
Scintillation
Clothing designed to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be encountered during operations involving hazardous materials.
Chemical Protective Clothing
_____ ______ is the ratio of the density (heaviness) of a material to the density of some standard material at standard conditions of pressure and temperature.
Specific Gravity
US EPA Levels of protection:
Highest level of protection against vapors, gases, mists, and particles for the respiratory tract, eyes, and skin. Meets NFPA 1991 requirements.
Level A
________, which is a chemical reaction in which a catalyst causes simple molecules to combine to form long chain molecules.
Polymerization
Standard on Protective Ensembles for First responders to CBRN Terrorism Incidents
NFPA 1994
Industry terms used to describe air contaminants:
Finely divided liquid suspended in the atmosphere.
Mist
OSHA identifies _____ levels above the operations level
Three
Hazmat technician, Hazmat
specialist, on scene incident commander
Heat Illness caused by exposure to excessive heat;symptoms include weakness, cold and clammy skin, Heavy Perspiration
Heat Exhaustion
An initial assessment conducted by carefully walking through the scene to evaluate the situation, recognize potential evidence, and determine resources required; also a final survey conducted to ensure the scene has been effectively and completely processed.
Walk Through
The _______ section serves as the IC’s clearinghouse for incidents.
Planning
Types of breaches:
Container suffers a general loss of integrity such as a glass bottle shattering or a grenade exploding.
Disintegration
Protection Strategy: Distance
Inverse Square Law-When the Radius______, the radiation spreads over _____ times as much area.
Doubles
Four
Colorimetric tube devices are known to have a significant error rate of ___-___%
25-35%
For example, a single fire unit assigned to rescue activities and provided with chemical protective clothing will require at least ____ trained members in order to enter the affected area.
5
2 entry, 2 back up, at least 1 to staff Decon station.
Sampling:
This evidence is crucial to law enforcement personnel for criminal investigation and prosecution. In fact, at criminal hazMat/ WMD incidents, ________ ________ and ________ is the top priority after life preservation, hazard mitigation, and the environment.
Evidence Preservation and Sampling
When ______ ______ AFFF concentrates are applied to Polar solvents fuels, they create a membrane between the fuel and the finished foam.
Alcohol Resistant AFFF
An _______ to the sampler (or clean person) who handles only clean equipment and provides it to the sampler when needed.
Assistant
_____ is typically a White crystalline powder with a distinctive acrid smell.
TATP
The process of dissolving a gas in water is called ________
Dissolution
Decisions weighing the life safety of responders versus the life safety of the public must be based upon a careful ___________
Risk/Benefit Analysis
_______ is the function of directing, ordering, and controlling resources by virtue of explicit legal, agency, or delegated authority.
Command
Cryogenic liquid take cars carry low pressure (usually below ___psi) refrigerated liquids
Below 25 psi
Risk based response strategies are based upon the _______ present at the incident.
Hazards
Chlorine itself is not flammable, but it can react explosively or form explosives compounds with other chemicals such as _______ and _______
Turpentine and Ammonia
Types of breaches:
Mechanical stress coming into contact with a container causes a _______.
Puncture
_______ can cause Trauma that occurs as a result of the Direct Contact with an object.
The two most common types are ______ and _____
Mechanical hazards
Striking; Friction
FBI Response Phases:
During this phase, Life Safety objectives are met and the scene is stabilized and secured.
Operational Phase
______ _______ zones provide for the scene control required at HazMat and terrorist incidents to protect responders from interference by unauthorized persons, help regulate movement of first responders within the zones, and minimize contamination.
Hazard Control
_____ ______ tactics are used to Contain product in its original container, thereby preventing it from escaping. Most ____ _____ tactics are Offensive, performed by HazMat Techs and Specialist.
Leak Control
Leak Control
13 chemicals that have a vapor density LIGHTER than air.
4H MEDIC ANNA
Hydrogen Methane Acetylene
Hydrogen Cyanide. Ethylene. Neon
Helium. Diborane Nitrogen
Hydrogen Fluoride. Illuminating Gases Ammonia
Carbon Monoxide
Colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. Mixes with water to form Hydrochloric Acid.
Hydrogen Chloride
Device used to measure an individual’s Exposure to an environment hazard such as radiation or sound
Dosimeter
US regulations in title 29 CFR 1910. 120 for cleanup operations involving hazardous substances in emergency response operations for release of hazardous substances
Hazardous waste operations and emergency response
Hazwoper
Low pressure storage tanks that have pressures between ____ to ____ psi
0.5 to 15 psi
Kills ALL microorganisms present. Accomplished with chemicals, steam, heat, or radiation
Sterilization
If temperatures are ___ F or lower, considerations should be given to protecting victims from the cold.
64F
Also called a Violent Rutpture, can occur when a liquid within a container is heated, causing the material inside to boil or vaporize.
BLEVE
_______ distances are provided in the bullet points immediately below the public safety section heading
Isolation
Standard on Selection, Care, Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural FireFighting and Proximity FireFighting
NFPA 1851
High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters used for medical emergencies must be ____% efficient.
Particulate Removing Filters
99.97%
A planned and systematic process of reducing contamination to a level that is as low as reasonably achievable.
Technical Decon
____ is used to set dose limits for emergency responders
Rem
Molten aluminum, for example, is generally shipped at temperatures above ______
1300°F
____ ______ is the pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container, or more simply, it is the pressure produced or exerted by the vapors released by a liquid.
Vapor Pressure
Like PID’s, _______ ______ _______ are used when relatively small concentrations of contaminates are known or suspected.
Flame Ionization Detectors
The _______ of a substance is its relative ability to undergo a chemical reaction with another material.
Reactivity
The US FBI identifies ____ response phases at criminal HazMat/WMD Incidents.
Four
GEBMO (General Emergency Behavior Model) is basically a ________ mode action that is concerned with potential hazmat emergencies involving containers.
Defensive
Written order, in the name of the People, State, Province, Territory, or Commonwealth signed by a magistrate (or Judge), Commanding a peace officer to search for personal property or other evidence and return it to the magistrate.
Search Warrant
A chemical injury at the site of contact is termed a ____ _____ _____
Local toxic effect
Field screen samples to test for at a minimum: ERFOCV
Explosives Radioactives Flammability Oxygen Corrosives Volatiles
Tank cars carry the bulk of the hazardous materials transported by rail. Some railroad tankcars have capacities in excess of 30,000 gallons
30,000 gallons
At a minimum, all samples must be labeled with date, time, sample number, sample, and locations of sample site.
Date, Time, Sample number, sample, and locations of sample site
If a crime in the US is determined to be a terrorist attack, investigative authority will shift to the ____. Depending on the drug and quantities involved, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) will investigate crimes involving illegal drugs.
FBI
Use a ____ to detect Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s have High Vapor Pressure Under Normal conditions)
PID
When water streams are used to disperse gas being released under pressure, The _____ and ______ of the water streams must exceed the ____ and ______ of the escaping gas.
Mass and Velocity
Condition, substance, or device that can directly cause injury or loss; the source of a risk
Hazard
_______ is a physical and/or chemical event occurring during contact between materials that have an attraction for each other.
Absorption
Elapsed time between the movement of an air sample into a monitoring/detection device and the reading provided to the user. Also called response time
Instrument Reaction Time
The allowable time-weighted average concentration
8 hour day or 40 hour workweek
Threshold Limit value Time Weighted average
Process of controlling the flow of a spill and capturing it at some specific location.
Confinement
Protection Strategy: Time
Rule of Seven- For every sevenfold increase in time, the radioactivity level due to fall out decreases by a factor of __
10
Most biological agents and toxins fall under the United Nations/US DOT Hazard Class ___. CDC divides potential biological agents into 3 categories: A,B, & C. __ agents have the highest priority because they include organisms that pose a risk to national sercurity.
6.2
A agents
Incident beyond the capabilities of the first responders on the scene and may be beyond the capabilities of the first response agency/organization having jurisdiction.
May require a formal Haz Mat Response Team
Level 2 incident
_____ _____ is the weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.
Vapor Density
One of the most important functions of an incident management system is to provide a means of _____ ______ ______ ____ ________ assigned to the incident. Responsibility of the IC.
Tracking all personnel and equipment
Types of Releases:
Immediate Release of chemical or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks.
Violent Rupture
Written notes, audio/videotapes, printed forms, sketches and/or photographs that form a detailed record of the scene, evidence recovered, and actions taken during the search of the crime scene.
Documentation
2 general categories of detectors:_______ _______ detectors and ___________ detectors
Gas Filled detectors
Scintillation Detectors
Likelihood of suffering harm from a hazard.
Risk
IM 102 Portable tanks:
Designed to handle maximum allowable working pressures of 14.5 to 25.4 psi
14.5 to 25.4 psi
3 Classes of Ensembles:
Intended for use at terrorism incidents involving Biological or Radiological particulate hazards where the concentrations are BELOW IDLH levels permitting the use of CBRN compliant APR or PAPR. Ensembles are NOT tested against chemical vapor or liquid permeability, gas tightness, and liquid integrity.
Class 4 Ensembles
Low Volatility persistent chemical agent that can remain on. Material, equipment, and terrain for long periods; main route of entry is through the skin but also through inhalation of the substance as a vapor
V-Agent (VX)
__% drop in Oxygen is Equivalent to ______PPM of something else in the air
1%
50,000 ppm
A Writ (written order) issued by a competent magistrate (or Judge) authorizing an officer to make an arrest, a seizure, or a search or to do other acts incident to the administration of justice.
Warrant
Personnel trained to the awareness and operations core levels perform only _________ tasks at hazmat incidents
Defensive
Heat Illness caused by heat exposure, resulting in failure of the body’s heat regulating mechanism; symptoms include a high fever of ____ to ____
Heat Stroke
105-106
One source of gamma radiation in the environment is naturally occurring _______
Potassium – 40
Reddish brown Gas or Yellowish brown liquid, which is highly toxic and corrosive
Nitrogen Dioxide
Potassium Iodide starch paper can be used to test the oxidizing potential of unknown chemicals. The paper changes from White to _____/_____, ______, or ______ when contacting Oxidizing materials.
Blue/Violet, Purple, or Black
The Higher the Temperature of a substance, The _____ the vapor pressure will be.
Higher
Standard on Personal Alert Safety Systems
NFPA 1982
An ______ _______ report should be written after each incident, with input from all involved and a copy furnished to all participating agencies/departments.
After Action Report
Entails the overall direction and goals of the incident.
Strategic level
Typically, a liquid chemical agent is considered Persistent if it remains for longer than ________
24 hours.
Specific Operations that must be accomplished to achieve strategic goals.
Tactical Objectives
Pressure vessels have pressures of ___ psi or greater.
15+ psi
NIOSH classifies SAR’s as Type __ respirators
C
Unit for expressing concentrations of chemicals in the air
Micrograms of materials per liter of air
Incident requires resources from state/provincial agencies, federal agencies, and/or private Industry and also requires unified command.
Most Serious
Level 3 Incident
Most common type of IED found in the US. Can be anywhere from 4-14 inches in length. They can throw shrapnel up to ____ feet.
Pipe bombs
300 feet
Physical Evidence that results from the transfer of small quantities of materials.
Trace Evidence
Expression of dose used in Oral and Dermal toxicology resting to denote grams of a substance dosed per kilogram of animal body weight
Grams per Kilogram
Temperature at which enough vapors are given off to support continuous burning.
Fire point
The type of ______ determines the defensive measures needed to control it.
Dispersion
A substance that influences the rate of chemical reaction between or among other substances
Catalyst
________ are chemicals that cause a substantial portion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction after one or more exposures to the chemical
Sensitizers
Minimum concentration of an Inhaled substance in the gaseous state that will be fatal to the test group.
Lethal Concentration
Industry terms used to describe air contaminants:
Suspension of particles that form when materials from a volatilized (vapor state) solid condenses in cool air. In most cases, the solid, smoke-like particles resulting from the condensation react with air to form an oxidizer.
Fume
____ _____, _____ _____ are liquids at ambient temperatures and dispersed as an aerosolized liquid (vapor).
______ ______ are generally Clear and Colorless
Nerve Gas, Nerve Agents
Nerve Agents
______ ______ is the volume of finished foam that results from a unit volume of foam solution.
Expansion Ratio
A cryogenic liquid tank car is in the tank within a tank category with a Stainless Steel inner tank supported within a strong outer tank
Stainless steel
Turning equipment found at an elicit lab on or off may also be a trigger for booby traps. In addition, electrical pumps such as those used in cooling baths in Red Phosphorous meth labs Should be Left ___ to continue the circulation of cooling water.
Should be left on
The _____ Zone (also called Support Zone) surrounds the Warm zone and is used to carry out all logistical support functions of the incident.
Cold
Standard for competencies for EMS personnel responding to hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction incidents
NFPA 473
Ultra high energy particles that have a Physical Mass but have No Electrical Charge
Neutron
All evidence must be handled and moved to an evidence custodian for documentation into the evidence chain in accordance with the law enforcement AHJ’s ___________
Chain of Custody
________ ________ involves those actions necessary to return the resource force to a level of Pre-incident readiness.
Operational Recovery
A minimum of ___ individuals are recommended for a sampling team
Two
The effects of ionizing radiation occurred at the ______ level
Cellular
Contact with a substance by swallowing, breathing, or touching the skin or eyes
Exposure
Airline respirator; Because of the potential for damage to the air supply hose, the EBSS provides enough air, usually 5,10,15 minutes worth, for the user to escape a hazardous atmosphere.
Supplied Air Respirator
Individual with the training and expertise to provide competence assistance and direction at HazMat and WMD incidents
Allied Professional
Colorless, odorless, Heavier than air gas that neither supports combustion nor burns.
Carbon Dioxide
Meth production processes can generate ______ _______ gas and _____ ______ gas
Hydrogen Chloride Gas
Hydrogen Iodide Gas
Logistics Section:
______ branch includes medical, communications, and food services
______ branch includes supplies, facilities, and ground support
Service
Support
Evidence which by its very nature or the conditions at the scene will lose its evidentiary value if not preserved and protected (for example, blood in the rain.
Transient Evidence
Condition that develops from continuous exposure to heat and humid air;aggravated by clothing that rubs the skin
Heat Rash
______ _____ are sealed glass tubes filled with a reagent that will change color when exposed to a specific chemical family.
Colorimetric Tubes
Unit for expressing concentrations of chemicals in water
Milligrams per Liter
A colorless, Flammable, and toxic gas with an odor of Garlic or Decaying Fish which can ignite spontaneously on contact with air.
Phosphine
Process of using another material to change the chemical structure of A hazardous material.
Chemical Degradation
_______ plays an important role in specific gravity in that highly soluble materials will mix or dissolve more completely in water rather than sinking or floating according to their specific gravity
Solubility
Ion chambers and Geiger Mueller (GM) detectors are common examples of ___________ detectors.
Gas Filled Detectors
Similar to infrared spectroscopy, ______ spectroscopy, uses light (typically a laser) to illuminate a sample thereby creating a special signature that is unique to each material.
Raman
The dispersion of a material is sometimes referred to as _______
Engulf
_____ _____ improvised explosive devices may contain thousands of pounds of explosives that can cause massive destruction and are perhaps the Most Devastating of all IED’s.
Vehicle Borne
_____ ______ uses chemicals and physical methods to thoroughly remove or neutralize contaminates from responders’ PPE and equipment.
Technical Decon
Calibrated to Methane gas, they have a detection range from __-____ppm, and __ -___ for other chemcials
1.0-10,000
.2 to 1,000
Dispersion Patterns:
Semicircular or dome shaped pattern of airborne hazardous materials that is still partially in contact with the ground or water. Generally resulting from a rapid release of energy.
Hemispheric
Protecting/defending in place is an _______ (________) role or aggressive posture to physically protect those in harms way.
Active (offensive)
US EPA Levels of protection:
Differs from Level B in the area of equipment needed for respiratory protection. Oxygen Concentration is between 19.5 to 23.5 and the product is KNOWN
Level C
Minimum amount of solid or liquid that when ingested, absorbed, or injected though the skin will cause death.
Lethal Dose
Colorless liquid with a petroleum like odor
Benzene
Colorless, toxic gas with a faint odor similar to Bitter Almonds. Significant by-product of the combustion of Polyurethane Foam.
Hydrogen Cyanide
____ use an Ultraviolet lamp to ionize samples of gaseous materials.
PID’s
Common container stressors:
Physical application of energy resulting in container/attachment damage;
Mechanical
Used in storage tanks, subsurface firefighting. Is effective on hydrocarbons, Not effective on Polar Solvents
Fluoroprotein foam
The pressure wave formed by the expanding gases is sometimes called the ____ _____ _____, and it can demolish virtually anything in its way.
Blast Pressure Waves
__________ is a process that occurs when a hazardous material enters an opening or a puncture in a protective material.
Penetration
Process in which hazardous liquid interacts with (or is bound to) the surface of a Sorbent material (such as Activated Charcoal)
Adsorption
Quantity of a chemical material inhaled for purposes of measuring toxicity;
Percentage (mass or volume) of a material dissolved in water (or other solvent)
Concentration
The ____ is responsible for researching and setting national standards for a variety of environmental programs
EPA
OSHA Title ____ CFR ___.___ mandates that incidents be critiqued for the purpose of identifying operational deficiencies and learning from mistakes.
Title 29 CFR 1910.120
All Rescue Operations come under the direction of the ___________
HazMat Group Supervisor
Today’s flammable gas rail cars are thermally protected to protect the tank from _______ minutes of exposure to a _____degreeF fire and at least _____ minutes of _______ degreeF impingement as a direct result of this incident
100 minutes 1600 degree
30 minutes 2200 degree
If Hazardous materials are on fire or have been leaking for longer than ___ minutes, this ERG table does not apply.
30 minutes
_________ liquid tanks (MC/DOT ___) do Not normally have emergency shutoff valves.
Corrosive
312
The collection of documents compromising information concerning a particular investigation.
Case File
________ ___ ________ is the practice of tracking an item and document the chronological history of the evidence.
Chain of Custody
It is estimated that a significant majority (__-___% of all clandestine drug labs are set up to produce Methamphetamine.
80-90%
Dispersion Patterns:
Three Demensional, slow moving liquid dispersion.
Pool
MC-331s of 3,500 gallon capacity or larger should have ____ emergency shutoff valves located remotely from each other, typically in this configuration ( one on the tank _____ _____ ______, the other on the _____ of the tank, often on the passenger side)
Two
Behind the driver
Rear
Types of breaches:
Crack develops in a container as a result of some type of damage, which continues to grow rapidly, breaking the container into two or more relatively large pieces.
Runaway Cracking
Colorless, odorless gas formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. It combines more than ____ times as quickly with hemoglobin as oxygen, thus decreases the bloods ability to carry Oxygen.
Carbon Monoxide
200 times
Nerve agents in their pure states are _______ liquids
Colorless
The Chief danger in moving an injures victim quickly from the Hot Zone is the possibility of aggravating a _______ ______.
Spinal Injury
3 Classes of Ensembles:
Intended for use at terrorism incidents involving low levels of vapor or liquid chemical or particulate hazards where the concentrations are BELOW IDLH, permitting the use of a CBRN compliant APR or PAPR
Class 3 Ensembles
The ______ Section is responsible for the Direct management of all incident tactical activities, tactical priorities, and the safety and welfare of personnel working in the ________ section.
Operations
_____ ______ is another white crystal or powder form explosive that may be used in IED’s. It has approximately ___% of the power of TNT
Potassium Chlorate
83%
To differentiate victim rescue from rescue of first responders, the term used to describe actions directed at retrieving exposure victims is “_______ ________”
Rapid Extrication
If the material in the Yellow or Blue index is highlighted, it means that it releases gases that are _____ ______ ______
Toxic Inhalation Hazard Materials
A recommended exposure limit made by NIOSH. 10 hour recommended exposure period
Recommended Exposure Limit
Any foreign substance that Compromises the purity of a given substance
Contaminant
Types of Releases:
Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of hazardous material
Detonation
______ labs are the Second most common type of lab discovered, after drug labs.
Explosive labs
IM 101 portable tanks:
Built to withstand a working pressure of 25.4 to 100 psi
25.4 to 100 psi
An _____ results when a material undergoes a physical or chemical reaction that releases rapidly expanding gases. These gases are formed almost instantaneously, in approx 1/10,000th of a second
Explosion
Types of Releases:
Slow Release of hazardous material under atmospheric or head pressure through holes, rips, tears, or unusual openings/attachments can occur in a period of several minutes to several days.
Spill/Leak
Unit for expressing concentrations of dusts, gases, or mists in air.
Milligrams per cubic meter
Condition of impurity resulting from a mixture or contact with a foreign substance
Contamination
Colorless, Highly volatile liquid that dissolves readily in Organic solvents but it’s only slightly soluble in water.
Vapors are heavier than air. ______ _______ has a pungent, Biting Odor
Cyanogen Chloride
Tactics related to controlling chemical releases basically fall into two categories: ________ Spill control and _________ leak control, with the majority of Defensive control options being related to __________
Confinement (spill control)
Containment (leak control)
Confinement
The quantity of the material spilled or released and the area affected are both important, but the Single most critical factor is the ________ of the contaminant in the air.
Concentration
_____ often cause more eye damage than _____ because of the longer duration exposure
Bases; acids
The _____ the exposure limit(s) the more potentially harmful the substance is.
Lower
The ____ bordered pages of the ERG provide an index of dangerous goods in alphabetical order by material name so that the first responder end can quickly identify the guide to consult of the name of the material involved.
Blue
The US&R designated signals and their meanings are as follows:
Cease Operations/All Quiet:______
Evacuate the Area:_______
Resume Operations: _________
One long horn blast
Three short blasts
One long and one short blast
A process used to maintain and document the chronological history of the evidence.
Chain of custody
Reactions in which two or More molecules chemically combined to form larger molecules
Polymerization
_________ involved raising or lowering the pH of corrosive materials to render them ________
Neutralization
Neutral
Some substances will actually ______ or change directly from a solid into a gas without going into a liquid state between.
Sublime
A pressure intermodal tank container is less common and transport. It is designed for working pressures of 100 to 500 psi and usually transports liquefied gas is under pressure
DOT classifies this tank as spec 51
100 to 500 psi; liquefied gases under pressure
The least energetic form of radiation is _____ _______ such as visible light and radio waves
Nonionizing Radiation
Broad statements of desired achievements to control an incident.
Strategic Goals
_____ _____ is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure.
Boiling point
That organizational level having responsibility for operations within a Defined Geographical Area
Division
Some departments use the concept of a ______/______ staging procedure.
Cornering/Quartering
________ are foam concentrates that are used with either Class A or Class B fires. An ______ is designed to mix with the fuel, breaking it into small droplets and encapsulating them.
Emulsifiers
Intermodal tank containers generally have a cylinder enclosed at both ends. The capacities of these containers ordinarily do not exceed 6,340 gallons
6340 gallons
Foam quality is measured in terms of its _______ drainage time and it’s _______ _______
25% drainage time
Expansion Ratio
Fragile areas of the crime scene should be photographed ____
First
Water soluble compounds that breaks apart in water to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion
Base
From a ______ _________ perspective, it is better to encompass a larger area that can be reduced in size once incident site conditions have been assessed for risks such as secondary devices, unidentified hazardous materials, and atmospheric monitoring
Risk management
In the case of hazardous materials incidents, one of the key pieces of information needed to begin understanding the problem is the __________ of the hazardous Material
Identifying
Standard on Liquid Splash Protective Ensembles and Clothing for Hazardous Materials Emergencies
NFPA 1992
Standard on Station/Work Uniforms for Fire and Emergency services
NFPA 1975
CERCLA, commonly known as the superfund act, which was enacted by Congress on ________
December 11, 1980
_____ ______ are materials that encourage a strong reaction (by readily accepting electrons) from reducing agents.
Strong Oxidizers
A ______________ station must be established prior to any entry of CPC equipped personnel into hazard zones.
Decontamination
NFPA 472 identifies _____ levels above the operations level
Five
Hazmat technician, hazmat branch officer, branch safety officer, hazmat incident commander, private sector specialist employee
The ____ _____ _____ process complies the information obtained from the debriefings, post-incident reports, and critiques to identify trends regarding operational strengths and weaknesses.
After Action Analysis
When the material is a Green highlighted chemical in the Yellow bordered and Blue Bordered pages, this section also directs the reader to consult the tables of the Green bordered pages listing ____ materials and ______ _______ materials.
TIH
Water Reactive
The _______________ of a vapor or gas is the lowest concentration (or lowest percentage of the substance in air) that will produce a slash of fire when ignition source is present
Lower Explosive Limit
International system unit of measurement for radioactivity; represents a small amount of activity.
Becquerel
The _____________ manages the Functional responsibilities, which include all tactical operations carried out in the hazardous area.
HazMat Group Supervisor
Expression of toxicological dose to denote milligrams of a substance dosed per kilogram of animal body weight.
Milligrams per Kilogram
Dispersion Patterns:
Surface following pattern of liquid Hazardous Material that is affected by gravity and Topography contours
Stream
_______ is the application of water to a water soluble material to reduce the hazard. Often used during Decon operations
Dilution
English system unit of measurement for radioactivity; represents a Large amount of activity
Curie
Tank test pressures from these tankcars range from 100 to 600 psi
Pressure tank car capacities range from 4000 to 45,000 Gallons
100 to 600 psi
4000 to 45,000 gallons
Any weapon or device that is intended or has the capability to cause death or serious bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of one of the following means:
Toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors
A disease organism
Radiation or radioactivity
Weapons of mass Destruction
On scene debriefing, conducted in the form of a group discussion, gather information from all operating personnel.
In addition, one very important step in the process is to provide information to personnel concerning the signs and symptoms of overexposure to the hazardous materials, which is referred to as a ________ _________ Briefing (Required by OSHA in the US)
Hazardous Communication
Protection Strategy: Shielding
Exposure from fallout is reduced by about ___% inside a one story building and by about __ % at a level below ground.
50%
90%
Industry terms used to describe air contaminants:
Solid particle that is formed or generated from solid organic or inorganic materials by reducing its size through mechanical processes such as crushing, grinding, drilling, abrading, or blasting.
Dust
Used for measuring exposure, applied ONLY to Gamma and X-Ray radiation
Roentgen
Series of energy waves composed of Oscillating Electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light
Nonionizing radiation
All reactions require some energy to get them started, which is commonly referred to as _________ _______
Activation Energy
A Magnesium silicate mineral that occurs as slender, strong flexible fibers.
Asbestos
Downwind distances from a Hazardous Materials incident within which Protective Actions should be implemented.
Protective Action Distances
Tank test pressures for low pressure tank cars are 60 to 100 psi. Capacities range from 4000 to 45,000 gallons
60 and 100 psi
4000 to 45,000 gallons
Colorless, Highly volatile liquid that is extremely flammable, highly soluble, and stable in water; Gas/air mixtures may be explosive. The Vapor is Less dense than air and has a faint odor, somewhat like BITTER Almonds;
___% of the population is unable to smell it.
Hydrogen Cyanide
25%
Identifies the Objectives that the tactical level supervisor/officer must achieve to meet the strategic goals.
Tactical level
Exposure Protection is a _______ control tacticDe
Defensive
______ agents are chemical asphyxiants that interfere with the bods ability to use oxygen either by preventing red blood cells rom carrying O2 to other cells in the body or by inhibiting the ability of cells to use oxygen for producing the energy required for metabolism.
Blood agents
Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Firefighting and Proximity Firefighting
NFPA 1971
At concentrations lower than the LEL, the mixture is too ____ to burn
Lean
The degree to which the chemical is diluted determines the solutions ___________
Concentration
_______ ______ is the time required for _____ (___% or _____) of the total liquid solution to drain from the foam
Drainage time One Fourth (25% or quarter)
Table of initial Isolation distances and Protective Action Distances provide distances for both small spills (approx. ___ gallons or less) and Large Spills (More than __ gallons)
53 gallons or less
53 gallons
Used to measure the amount of radiation energy absorbed by a material. This unit applies to any material and all types of radiation.
Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad)
As with the isolation distances provided in the Orange bordered pages, the Initial isolation distances provided in the Green Bordered pages are the distances within which all persons should be considered for evacuation in all directions from an actual Hazardous Material spill/Leak sources. The Distance will always be At least ___ feet.
100 feet
The _____ bordered pages of the ERG provide an index list of hazardous materials in numerical order of ___ ______
Yellow
ID Number
________ protection is primary concern for first responders because _________ is arguably the most significant route of entry for hazardous materials.
Respiratory Protection
Inhalation
Dispersion Patterns:
Irregular shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous materials where wind and/or Topography influence the down range course from the point of release.
Plume
The ___________ of a vapor or gas is the highest concentration (or highest percentage of the substance in air) that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source is present.
Upper Explosive Limit
3 Classes of Ensembles:
Intended for use at Terrorism incidents involving Vapor ad Liquid chemical or particulate hazards where the concentrations are AT OR ABOVE IDLH level requiring the use of CBRN compliant SCBA.
Class 2 Ensembles
_______ ______ can initiate explosive polymerization in certain materials, and they are components of improvised explosives such as TATP and HMTD
Organic Peroxides
Low pressure Tank cars maybe compartmentalized with up to SIX compartments
Six compartments
Each whole pH value below 7 is ___ times more acidic than the next higher value.
The same holds true for pH values above 7.
10 times
Typically LEL meters will sound an alarm at __% of the LEL of the calibration gas, however this is not always the case.
10%
A Small Spill Is one that involves a single, small package (up to __ _____ _____), small cylinder, or small leak from a larger package.
55 gallon drum
US EPA Levels of protection:
Protection that requires a garment that includes an SCBA or a supplied air respirator and provides protection against splashes from hazardous chemicals. High level of respiratory protection but less skin protection. Hooded chemical resistant clothing that meets the requirements of NFPA 1992
Level B
The ________ __ ______ is responsible for overseeing US labor laws
Department of labor
It is estimated that for every pound of meth produced, __ pounds of hazardous waste is generated.
6 pounds
At terrorist incidents in the US, the FBI establishes an evidence search perimeter ___ times the distance of the farthest known piece of evidence.
1.5 times
Types of Releases:
Fast release of pressurized hazardous materials through properly operating safety devices caused by damage valves, piping, or attachments or holes in the container.
Rapid relief
The size up and evaluation of hazards, problems, and potential solutions of a site.
Site Characterization
A material, compound, or system that Holds contaminates by adsorption or absorption
Sorbent
A _____ sampler (or dirty sampler) who takes the samples and handles all sample equipment.
Primary
The resource conservation and recovery act gave the EPA the authority to control hazardous waste and hold the responsible party accountable for the hazardous materials they produce (from their creation to their final disposal, often referred to as ___________)
Cradle to grave
MC 331s of this capacity may also have an electronically operated shut down device that can be activated ____ feet from the vehicle.
150 feet
Once first responders have a basic understanding of the problem,they can begin to plan their solution to the problem by establishing strategic goals and tactical objectives (sometimes referred to as ________ _______
Response Objectives
The ____ zone (also called the contamination reduction zone or corridor) is an area adjoining the Hot zone and extending to the cold zone.
Warm
Pneumatic unloaded hopper cars:
Unloaded by air pressure and used to transport dry bulk loads such as ammonium nitrate fertilizer, dry caustic soda, plastic pellets, and cement. Pressure ratings during unloading range from 20 to 80 psi
20 to 80 psi
Colorless Gas with a choking or Suffocating odor
Sulfur Dioxide
Leak control and Containment are generally considered _______ actions
Offensive
Special containment vessels must be used for ____ _____ liquids.
Highly toxic
A device that uses high pressure steam to sterilize objects.
Autoclave
The Alphabetical and/or numeric characters assigned to identify a particular case.
Case Identifiers
____ is the maximum concentration to which majority of healthily adults can be exposed over a 40 hour workweek without suffering adverse effects.
PEL
Circular Zone within which persons may be exposed to dangerous concentrations upwind of the source and may be exposed to life threatening concentrations downwind of the source
Initial Isolation Zone
Common container stressors:
Uncontrolled reactions/Interactions of contents in the container and the container itself, resulting in a sudden or long term deterioration of the container.
Chemical stress
FBI Response Phases:
In this phase, Operations to mitigate any remaining hazards are conducted in order to bring the scene back to a safe condition.
Remediation Phase
The most energetic form of radiation is ______ ______, and it is the type of radiation that is of greatest concern to first responders
Ionizing radiation
Emulsifiers should only be used with fuels that are __ inch or less in depth
1 inch
Dispersion Patterns:
Ball shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous materials where the material has collectively risen above the ground or water.
Cloud
Standard on Vapor Protective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies.
Class 1 Ensembles are addressed in this Standard
NFPA 1991
Colorless to Yellow volatile liquid with a Disagreeable choking odor, extremely toxic. Inhalation of concentrations as little as __ PPM may be fatal within a few minutes.
Acrolein
10 PPM
Spill control tactics are used to confine a hazardous material that has already been released from its container. Spill control tactics are generally ________ in nature.
Defensive
Heat Illness resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures; Characterized by excessive sweating, muscle cramps in the abdomen and legs.
Heat Cramps
Most incident level models define Three levels of response graduating from Level 1 (_____ serious) to Level III ( ____ serious)
Least Serious
Most Serious
Common container stressors:
Excessive heat or cold causing intolerable expansion, contraction, weakening (loss of temper), or consumption of the container and its parts;
Thermal Stress
As within a structure fire, Haz mat size up must consider all ____ sides of the incidents.
Six
________ is perhaps the most serious hazard associated with meth labs, and many labs are discovered only after a fire or explosion has occurred.
Flammability
First responders should be aware that many of the pipelines operate a very high pressures (____-______ psi)
800-1200
Mass Decon showers should use a _____ volume, _____ pressure of water delivered in a fog pattern. The actual showering time is an incident specific decision but may be as long as __ to__ minutes per individual under ideal situations
High volume
Low Pressure
2-3 minutes
_________ involves breaking up or _______ a hazardous material that has spilled on a solid or liquid surface.
Dispersion
Dispersing
This law created a tax on the chemical in petroleum industry’s and provided broad federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that maintains your public health or the environment
CERCLA
Comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability act
UsUally low volatility persistent chemical agent that is absorbed through skin contact or inhaled as a vapor.
Tabun (GA)
According to the US Department of transportation records, almost ___ _____ of all reported hazmat incidents are caused by container failure.
1/4 One Fourth
A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
Affidavit
Most commonly used foam concentrate today.
AFFF
Industry terms used to describe air contaminants:
Solid particle whose length is several times greater than its diameter.
Fiber
Minimum temperature to which the fuel in the air must be heated to initiate self sustained combustion without initiation form an independent ignition source.
Autoignition Temperature
_______ ________ is the action taken to direct or influence the course of airborne hazardous
Vapor Dispersion
________ involves controlling the movement of air by natural or mechanical means.
Ventilation
Synthetic foam concentrate that, when combined with water, can form a complete vapor barrier over fuel spills and fires and is a Highly effective extinguishing and blanketing agent on Hydrocarbon fuels
AFFF
It is estimated that over 90% of the worlds cargo is transported by marine vessels, and the amount of cargo transported by Vessels is expected to continue to increase
90%
_______ and _____ ______ is part of the process, focusing particularly on the dangers, hazards, and risks presented by the incident.
Hazard and Risk Assessment
Colorless liquid with Pungent Choking Odor, which is Irritating to the mucous membrane.
Acetaldehyde
________ crimes involve the illegal use and disposal of Hazardous substances and waste which pollute the air, water, or soil and can cause serious injury, chronic illness, or even death.
Environmental
Normal air contains ___% Oxygen, ___% Nitrogen, and __% other gases, any readings below ___% indicate that some other contaminate is in the air displacing the oxygen, potentially at toxic or extremely hazardous levels.
20.9% Oxygen
78.1% Nitrogen
1% other gases
20.9%
The ________ of a chemical is its ability to Remain in the environment.
Persistence
The IC must undertake a _____ ______ or Size up of the incident in order to determine an appropriate size for the ______ _______
Risk Assessment
Isolation Perimeter
FID’s use a ______ flame to ionize gaseous materials.
Detect organic gases and vapors at lower concentration than PID’s.
Hydrogen
Standard on Protective Ensembles for Technical Rescue Incidents
NFPA 1951
The ______ ______ section provides general information regarding immediate isolation of the incident site and recommended type of protective clothing and respiratory protection.
Public Safety
A cryogen is a gas that turns into a liquid at or below _____ at 14.7 psi
-130°F
Materials that may undergo Violent Polymerization if subjected to heat or contamination are designated with a __ in the Blue and Yellow sections of the ERG
P
________ detectors, radiation interacts with a crystal such as sodium iodide, cesium iodide, or Zinc sulfide to produce a very small flash of light.
Scintillation detectors
US OSHA and the US EPA refer to these zones collectively as ____ _____ zones. They are sometimes called ______ ______ zones as well
Site Work
Scene Control
CERCLA was amended by the Superfund amendments and pre-authorization act (SARA) on _______
October 17, 1986
______ is the degree or readiness to which two or more gases or liquids are able to mix with or dissolve into each other.
Miscibility
Before beginning evidence collection, investigators conduct a ______ search for evidence using a search grid pattern.
Detailed
The _____ bordered section of the book is the most important because it provides safety recommendations and general hazard information. It compromises a total of ___ individual guides presented in a two page format.
Orange
62
______ ______ starts with identifying the strategy to achieve a solution to the confronted problems.
Action Planning
The physical process of Immediately reducing contamination of individuals in potentially life threatening situations with or without the formal establishment of a deacon corridor.
Emergency Decon
Any Hazmat team working within the hazardous area must have at least ____ members. The minimum number of personnel necessary for performing tasks in the hazardous area is _____.
Two
Four
2 working in the area, and 2 standing by as backup
The boundary established to prevent access by the public and unauthorized persons
Isolation Perimeter
Outer Perimeter or Outer Cordon
When Liquid Chlorine is released, it quickly turns into a gas ____ than air. Pungent, Irritating odor, which is like the odor of bleach. Usually _____-_____ in color
Heavier
Yellow-Green
Industry terms used to describe air contaminants:
Form of mist characterized by highly respirable, minute liquid particles.
Aerosol
G agents tend to be ________, whereas the V agents are _______
Non-persistent
Persistent
_____ ______ is usually conducted within a formal Decon line or corridor.
Technical Decon
Chemical reaction producing vigorous heat and sparks or flame and moving through the material at less than the speed of sound. Intense Burning.
Deflagration
Typically, a _____ incident is characterized by a Rapid onset of medical symptoms (minutes or hours)
Chemical
Peroxide test strips use a reagent to detect the presence of these materials. A color change to _____ after 15 seconds indicates the presence of Organic Peroxides.
Blue
_____ ______ is the strategy of minimizing the damage, harm, and effect of fire at a HazMat incident.
Fire Control
Any product substance or organism included by its nature or by the regulation in any of the nine United Nations classifications of hazardous materials
Dangerous goods
_____ and _____ are very dangerous to make and handle because they are very unstable, both during manufacturing process and as a finished product.
TATP & HMTD
US NIMS incident Types:
Type 5, Type 4, Type 3, Type 2, and Type 1.
In order from Least Serious to Most Serious
Type 5 Least Serious
Type 1 Most Serious
In addition, a toxic chemical may be absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed to other parts of the body, producing _______ _______
Systemic effects
Pressure tank cars typically transport flammable, non-flammable, and poisonous gases at pressure is greater than 25 psi at 68°F
25 psi at 68°F
The ____ the boiling point of a substance, the Higher its vapor pressure will be.
Lower
FBI Response Phases:
During this phase, evidence is recovered and packaged for transport, and the crime scene is processed. Law Enforcement is responsible for obtaining search warrants and/or consent when necessary.
Crime Scene Phase
Materials ______ and _______ properties will also determine how it behaves once it has been released from its container.
Chemical and Physical
This Tank is the most common intermodal tank used in transportation. Even though they are often called non-pressure intermodal thanks, these tanks may have pressures as high as 100 psi
Low pressure intermodal tank
Radiation that has Sufficient Energy to Remove Electrons from Atoms resulting in a chemical change in the Atom
Ionizing radiation
The ________ section is responsible is responsible for gathering, assimilating, analyzing, and processing information needed for effective decision making.
Planning
The number of hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions, respectively, determines the strength of an acid or base.
Strength
With a _________ detector, radiation ionizes the gas inside the detection chamber and the instrument’s electronics measure the quantity of ions created.
Gas Filled
US EPA Levels of protection:
Consists of typical work uniform, street clothing, or coveralls.
Level D
Reduces the number of microorganism a to a safe level
Sanitization
Low pressure tank cars (known as general service or non-pressure tank cars) transport hazardous and non-hazardous material with vapor pressure is below 25 psi at 105 to 115°F
25 psi at 105 to 115°F
NFPA defines _____ temperature as “the minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self sustained combustion, independent of the heating or heated element.
Ignition
________ is a process that occurs when a chemical passes through a fabric on a molecular level**
Permeation
Incident within the capabilities of the fire and emergency services organization or other first responders having jurisdiction.
Least serious and Easiest to handle
Level 1 Incident
Process using HEPA filter vacuum cleaners to vacuum solid materials such as fibers, dusts, powders, and particulates from surfaces.
Vacuuming
An occupational exposure value recommended by ACGIH to which it is believed nearly all workers can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without ill effect
Threshold Limit Value
Traditionally, the ____ _____ (Also called the _________ Zone) is an area surrounding an incident that is potentially very dangerous either because it presents a threat in the form of a hazardous material or the effects thereof.
Hot Zone
Exclusion
The termination phase involves two procedural actions: ______ and _____ _____ _____
Critiques and After Action analysis (AKA After Action Report)
For every oxygen molecule in the air, there are approximately __ molecules of other gases.
4
OSHA Regulation for Respiratory Protection
29 CFR 1910.134
____________ is responsible for evaluating and prioritizing victims for treatment, collecting information from the victims, and preventing the spread of contamination by these victims; recommended that this person have an EMS background.
Safe Refuge Area Manager
Industry terms used to describe air contaminants:
Gaseous form of a substance that is normally in a solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure.
Vapor
_____ _____ methods include Dilution, Isolation, and Washing
Mass Decon
With _____ incidents, the onset of symptoms usually requires days to weeks.
Biological
Quantity of a chemical material ingested or absorbed through skin contact for purposes of measuring toxicity
Dose
Minimum temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface.
Flash point
Any substance or material that yields oxygen readily and may stimulate the combustion of organic and in organic matter
Oxidizer
Non-pressure tanks will normally have a small amount of pressure inside.
Pressure up to ____psi
0.5 psi
Used for the absorbed dose equivalence as pertaining to the human body; applied to all types of radiation
Roentgen Equivalent in Man (rem)
_______ is the overall goal of ensuring safety of responders and the public
Protection
When Response Objectives are determined by the hazards and risks present at the HazMat incident, it is sometimes called _______-_______ _______
Risk-Based Response
In addition to the five usual functions NIMS adds another position, ________, which is responsible for gathering information relating to the incident.
Intelligence
Colorless, Nonirritating toxic gas that has a mild GARLIC odor that can only be detected at levels higher than those necessary to cause poisoning.
Arsine (SA)
The majority of gases have a Vapor Density ______ than 1.
Greater
The organizational level having functional/geographical responsibility for Major Segments of incidents operations.
Branch
_______ _________ occurs when the characteristics of a material are altered through contact with chemical substances.
Chemical Degredation
Standard on Open Circuit Self Contained Breathing Apparatus for Emergency Services.
NFPA 1981
