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Harnessing Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can selective breeding develop plants with desired characteristics?

A
  1. Choose the crop with the desired feature.
  2. Let only these organisms reproduce
  3. Choose the offspring that have the desired features.
  4. Let only these individuals reproduce
  5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you have produced a variety in which all the individuals show the desired feature.
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1
Q

How can selective breeding develop animals with desired characteristics?

A
  1. Choose individuals with the desired feature.
  2. Let only these individuals reproduce.
  3. Choose the offspring that have the desired feature.
  4. Let only these individuals reproduce
  5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you have produced a variety in which all the individuals show the desired feature.
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2
Q

What can farmers control in glasshouses and polythene tunnels?

A

1) Heating
2) Light intensity
3) Levels of CO2
4) Water levels

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3
Q

Why does being able to control conditions in a greenhouse/polythene tunnel increase crop yield?

A

Controlling conditions increases the rate of photosynthesis and therefore increases the yield.

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4
Q

How does increased levels of CO2 in a greenhouse increase crop yield?

A

Higher CO2 levels means a quicker rate of photosynthesis. More photosynthesis means more growth. More growth means a bigger crop yield.

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5
Q

How can the use of fertiliser increase crop yield?

A

Fertilisers provide elements needed by plants to grow such as nitrates for proteins and magnesium for the production of chlorophyll.

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6
Q

What are pests?

A

Pests are organisms that reduce the yield of crop plants or stock animals.

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7
Q

How can pests be controlled?

A

1) Pesticides
2) Biological Control.

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8
Q

What is biological control?

A

This method uses a predator species rather than a toxic chemical, to reduce the numbers of a pest.

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9
Q

What is a more effective method pesticides or biological control?

A

Pesticides

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10
Q

Advantages of pesticides?

A

1) Reduces pest population instantly
2) Can kill the whole population of pests

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11
Q

Disadvantages of pesticides?

A

1) Cost is high
2) Not specific (will kill predaceous insects and pollinating insects)
3) Pests can become resistant to chemical
4) Chemical can concentrate in all organisms higher up the food chain

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12
Q

Disadvantages of biological control?

A

1) Takes time to reduce pest population
2) Not all population killed
3) Expensive if re-populating is required

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13
Q

Advantages of biological control?

A

1) Organism only introduced once as it will reproduce
2) Only one cost for the initial introduction
3) Pest specific – only kills the pest
4) Pests will not become resistant
5) No effect on other animals in the food chain

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14
Q

What is yeast used to make?

A

Yeast is used in the making of bread and brewing beer.

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15
Q

What reaction occurs in yeast?

A

Anaerobic respiration:
glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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16
Q

How does the anaerobic respiration in yeast help in bread making?

A

Bubbles of carbon dioxide gas expand the dough and help the bread rise.

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17
Q

Why do we bake bread at high temperatures?

A

So ethanol doesn’t remain in the ethanol.

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18
Q

Describe the method of the experiment: investigate the role of anaerobic respiration by yeast in different conditions.

A
  1. Dissolve sugar in previously boiled water.
  2. Add yeast and mix to form a suspension
  3. Pour into a boiling tube.
  4. Add a layer of vegetable oil.
  5. Connect a delivery tube to a second boiling tube, this time containing limewater or hydrogen-carbonate indicator.
  6. Anaerobic respiration of yeast produces CO2, which can be detected by limewater or a hydrogen-carbonate indicator.
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19
Q

What could the possible independent variable be in the investigation of the rate of anaerobic respiration of yeast?

A
  • temperature
  • concentration of sugar
  • type of sugar
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20
Q

Why do we add a layer of vegetable oil in the yeast experiment?

A

The layer of vegetable oil prevents oxygen entering the mixture, while allowing carbon dioxide to escape. This ensures it’s anaerobic respiration taking place

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21
Q

What is an industrial fermenter used for?

A

The mass production of micro-organisms.

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22
Q

What is the role of the air filter in an industrial fermenter?

A

Filters air coming in, maintaining sterile conditions

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23
Q

What is the role of the stirrers in an industrial fermenter?

A

Keep the broth well stirred, to oxygenate all parts of the fermenter and prevent micro-organisms settling.

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24
Q

What is the role of the growth medium in an industrial fermenter?

A

Contains all necessary glucose and amino acids for micro-organism growth.

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25
Q

What is the role of the cooling jacket on an industrial fermenter?

A

Removes heat energy, stopping the fermenter overheating and enzymes denaturing.

26
Q

What is the role of the super-heated steam in an industrial fermenter?

A

Applied before the fermenter is used, killing unwanted microorganisms. Leaves only water with no other residue.

27
Q

What would happen if we didn’t sterilise the fermenter after each batch?

A

1) Any unwanted microorganisms will complete with the organisms in the culture, reducing the yield.
2) The product can become contaminated with waste products or cells.

28
Q

What are ‘aseptic techniques’?

A

Methods to prevent contamination any unwanted microorganisms

29
Q

Why do industrial fermenter need a set pH and temperature?

A

For optimum enzyme activity.

30
Q

What bacterium is used to make yoghurt?

A

Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

31
Q

What is the method for making yoghurt?

A

1) Equipment is sterilised.
2) The milk is pasteurised by heating.
3) The bacterial culture is added to the cooled milk and left at 46 degrees for about 4 hours.
5) Samples are taken to see if yoghurt is ready.
6) Flavours and colours are added, then yoghurt is packaged.

32
Q

Why is yoghurt left at 46 degrees?

A

To ensure that the bacteria’s enzymes are not denatured

33
Q

What does lactobacillus produce when it respires?

A

Lactobacillus respires anaerobically producing lactic acid.

34
Q

What effect does does lactic acid have on the production yoghurt?

A

It lowers the pH, acting as a preservative. The acid also coagulates the milk protein, as the acidic conditions change
the shape of the proteins, giving yoghurt its texture and flavour.

35
Q

What do farmers feeding fish and why?

A

Farmers feed the fish a high lipid and protein food to promote rapid growth. As well as regular feeding with small amounts so that most gets eaten

36
Q

Why do we fish farm?

A

To keep up with demand.

37
Q

What problems face fish farmers?

A

Problem 1: Interspecific competition
Problem 2: Predation
Problem 3: Infectious diseases
Problem 4: Intraspecific competition

38
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Different species will compete for food and some species may be wiped out

39
Q

Solution to interspecific competition?

A

Place different species in different ponds, tanks, etc. Use nets to separate species and wild / farmed populations

40
Q

Solution to predation?

A

Farmers place a net over ponds to reduce predation from birds.

41
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Larger individuals will out-compete smaller individuals for food or larger individuals may prey on smaller individuals.

42
Q

Solution to intraspecific competition.

A

Separate fish by age and size

43
Q

Why are infectious diseases a problem?

A

Infectious disease can spread quickly in fish farms if the fish are too close together.

44
Q

Solution to infectious diseases?

A

Remove dead or infected fish quickly and add antibiotics to the water to kill bacteria. Add antifungals or chemicals to kill parasites.

45
Q

Talk about the effect of antibiotics being given to fish.

A

Often antibiotics haven’t degraded before human consumption of fish, therefore humans may become resistant to antibiotics.

46
Q

Why is fish farming effective?

A

Farmers can monitor:
1) Water quality
2) Temperature
3) Oxygen levels
4) Chlorophyll levels

47
Q

How do fish farms affect the environment?

A

1) Fish may escape and out-compete or interbreed with local species reducing biodiversity.
2) Parasites or pathogens can be introduced into ecosystems by farmed fish.
3) Excess feed and waste from fish can cause eutrophication and a reduction in oxygen concentrations in the water.

48
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity?

A

The amount of variation shown by species in an ecosystem.

49
Q

Method for measuring biodiversity using quadrats.

A

1) Measure out a 10 meter squared area with tapes.
2) Use a random number generator to get coordinates.
3) When you get to the coordinate lay down the quadrat and count the number of species in the quadrat.
4) Repeat (at least 20 times)
5) Calculate and average and population density by doing the mean number of the species over the area.

50
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The action of clearing a wide area of trees.

51
Q

How does deforestation effect the carbon cycle?

A

If deforestation occurs, there are less plants to store carbon, and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will increase.
Oxygen levels will decrease, as there is less photosynthesis.

Felled trees may also be burned as a source of energy: this releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, causing a further increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide

52
Q

How does deforestation lead to leaching?

A

If deforestation occurs then water is not taken up by plants, and can begin to ‘run off’ from the soil into rivers and lakes.
Mineral ions are dissolved in the soil’s water. If deforestation has occurred the dissolved mineral ions are removed from the soil in the water which runs off into the nearby rivers / lakes. This means:
1. The mineral ions are removed from the soil.
2. Some of these nutrients can lead to further problems such as
eutrophication

53
Q

How does deforestation lead to soil erosion?

A

The water running off from deforested areas may carry the topsoil, causing erosion.

Because of deforestation there are no plants present in the soil
therefore no roots holding the soil in place.

The topsoil contains the most
fertile, mineral ion rich materials: when it is lost due to erosion the minerals are also
lost.

54
Q

How does deforestation effect evapotranspiration?

A

When deforestation occurs, the cycle of transpiration is broken. Transpiration stops, as no plants are present, thus meaning that water is not put into the
atmosphere, and rain does not occur. This can lead to droughts.

55
Q

What effects does sulfur dioxide have?

A

Sulfur dioxide when reacted with water vapour can form acid rain. The rain can decrease the pH of rivers and lakes.
This effects the enzymes of the organisms, resulting in the death of fish and other animals.
The acid rain can also kill plants.

56
Q

What are the consequences of high levels of carbon monoxide in our atmosphere?

A

CO binds irreversibly with our haemoglobin this means the less oxygen can be carried by our haemoglobin.

57
Q

Describe the process of eutrophication.

A

1) Soluble nitrates leach into rivers and lakes.
2) Nitrates increase the growth of algae, forming algal bloom.
3) The algal bloom blocks out sunlight for plants on the river bed.
4) This means plants cannot photosynthesise.
5) Decomposers respire as they break down the dead plants.
6) The respiration releases CO2 and uses the oxygen.
7) The water becomes oxygen depleted and aerobic organisms die.
8) The water can then become anoxic.

58
Q

What happens when untreated sewages enters our waterways?

A

1) The sewage provide a good source of food for bacteria
2) The bacteria therefore multiply rapidly
3) The large population of bacteria respire, using up oxygen in the
water.
4) This decreases the level of oxygen and results in the death of other aerobic animals, as they cannot respire.

59
Q

What are the two types of fertilisers?

A

Organic and Inorganic

60
Q

What are the advantages of organic fertilisers?

A

1) Improves Soil Structure
2) Greater range of minerals
3) Releases minerals over a longer period of time
4) Less cost to farmer - already available on the farm

61
Q

What are the advantages of inorganic fertilisers?

A

1) Mineral ions release immediately so fast acting
2) Contents known
3) Easy to apply

62
Q

What are the disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers?

A

1) Can lead to eutrophication as fertiliser is soluble
2) Requires regular reapplication

63
Q

What are the disadvantages of organic fertilisers?

A

1) Slow acting - has to be decomposed first
2)Bulkier, so more difficult than inorganic fertilisers to apply
3) May contains pests

Biology (10 decks)

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