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Biology > From Big to Small > Flashcards

From Big to Small Flashcards

Organelles' functions, levels of organisation, biological molecules and enzymes

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1
Q

Nucleus function

A
  1. Controls the activity of the cell
  2. Contains chromosones - strand of DNA which carry the genes
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2
Q

Cell membrane function

A
  1. Acts as a boundary between cytoplasm and cell surroundings
  2. Controls which substances enter and exit the cell
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3
Q

Cytoplasm function

A
  1. Jelly-like liquid where chemical reactions occur
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4
Q

Mitochondria function

A
  1. Carries out respiration producing ATP
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5
Q

Ribosomes function

A
  1. Synthesise proteins from amino acids
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6
Q

Chloroplasts function

A
  1. Absorb light energy and use it to carry out photosynthesis
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7
Q

Cell wall funtion

A
  1. Made of cellulose
  2. Helps to keep plant cells in fixed shape
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8
Q

Vacoule function

A
  1. Filled with cell sap
  2. Stores dissolved sugar and mineral ions
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9
Q

State the levels of organisation

A

Organelles —> Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ system —> Organism

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10
Q

Cell definition

A

Cells contain a number of organelles, structures that carry out different processes in order for the cell to survive

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11
Q

Tissue definition

A

Tissues are a group of similar cells which work together to carry out the same function.

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12
Q

Organ definition

A

Organs are made up of several different types of tissues working together to carry out a more complex function.

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13
Q

Organ system definition

A

Organ systems are made up of several different organs working together to carry out an essential function to life.

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14
Q

Elements making up carbohydrates

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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15
Q

Smallest units of carbohydrates

A

glucose and fructose

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16
Q

What is starch used for?

A

To store glucose in plants

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17
Q

What is glycogen used for?

A

To store glucose in animals and fungi

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18
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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19
Q

Smallest units of lipids

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

20
Q

Functions of lipids

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Part of cell membranes
  3. Thermal insulation
  4. Electrical insulation
  5. Buoyancy
21
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

22
Q

Smallest units of proteins

A

Amino acids

23
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  1. Structural molecules such as collagen
  2. Controlling chemical reactions - enzymes
  3. Messenger molecules - hormones
  4. Combating disease - antibodies
  5. Transport - e.g haemoglobin and cells membrane proteins
24
Q

Step by step experiment for sugars

A
  1. Add Benedict’s solution to a sample of food in a test tube
  2. Place in water bath at 80°C for 5 minutes
  3. If the test is positive the solution will turn brick red, negative will be blue
25
Q

Step by step experiment for starch

A
  1. Add a few drops of orange iodine solution to the sample on a spotting tile
  2. A blue-black colour indicates the presence of starch
26
Q

Step by step experiment for protein

A
  1. Add water to a food sample and shake
  2. Add an equal volume of dilute potassium hydroxide and shake
  3. Add two drops of 1% copper sulfate solution
  4. If protein is present then solution will turn lilac
27
Q

Step by step experiment for lipids

A
  1. The food sample is placed in a test tube
  2. Add a small volume of absolute ethanol and shake to dissolve any lipid in the alcohol
  3. Add an equal volume of water
  4. A cloudy white colour indicates the presence of lipids.
28
Q

Definition of enzymes

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts

A catalyst is a chemical which increases the rate of a reaction

29
Q

Explain the lock and key theory

A
  1. The substrate and enzyme collide
  2. The substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
  3. Enzyme substrate complex is formed
  4. Enzyme and product complex are formed
  5. Enzyme and products leave the active site
30
Q

What happens to the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction when temperature increases

A

As temperature increase enzyme and substrates have more kinetic enery they move move more meaning more collision.
After the optimum temperature of 37.1°C the active site denatures meaning enzyme and substrate are no longer complementary.

31
Q

Propeties of plants

A
  1. All multicellular - made of many cells
  2. Make their own complex biological molecules by photosynthesis
  3. Cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis and cellulose for a cell wall
  4. Store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose
32
Q

Propeties of animals

A
  1. All multicellular - made of many cells
  2. Eat of living things to obtain nutrients
  3. Cells do not have chloroplasts or a cell wall
  4. Store carbohydrates as glycogen
  5. Have a nervous system
33
Q

Propeties of fungi

A
  1. Many multicellular
  2. Some have reproductive structure such as a mushroom or toadstool
  3. Feed by saprotrophic nutrion
  4. Cells have no chloroplasts, chitin cell wall and many nuclei per cell
  5. Store carbohydrates as glycogen
  6. Their body is organised into a mycelium from thread like structures called hyphae.
34
Q

Propeties of bacteria

A
  1. Do not have a proper nucleus
35
Q

Example of plants

A

1) flowering plants - maize
2) herbaceous legume - peas or beans

36
Q

Examples of animals

A

1) mammals -humans
2) insects - housefly or mosquito).

37
Q

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

A

extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products

38
Q

Examples of fungi

A

1) multi-cellular - Mucor,
2) single-celled - yeast

39
Q

Common features of protoctists?

A

1) microscopic single-celled organisms.
2) some have features like an animal cell,
3) others, have chloroplasts and are more like plants.

40
Q

Examples of protoctists

A

1) Amoeba - lives in pond water, has features like an animal cell
2) Chlorella - has chloroplasts and is more like plants.
3) Plasmodium - A pathogenic example, responsible for causing malaria.

41
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

A microorganism which causes infectious diseases. They do this by releasing toxins or damaging cells.

42
Q

What kingdoms can be pathogens?

A

1) Bacteria
2) Fungi
3) Protoctista
and all viruses

43
Q

Properties of a virus?

A

1) Non-living organisms.
2) Parasitic
3) Can reproduce only inside living cells
4) Wide variety of shapes and sizes
5) No cellular structure
6) Have a protein coat and contain either DNA or RNA.

44
Q

What is the tobacco mosaic virus?

A

Causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts

45
Q

Examples of viruses

A

1) The influenza virus that causes ‘flu’
2) The HIV virus that causes AIDS.

46
Q

Similarities of plant an animal cells

A

They both have:
- Mitochondria
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Cell membrane
- Ribosomes

47
Q

Differences of plant an animal cells

A

Plants have a permanent vacuole whilst animals do not.

Plants have a cell wall whilst animals do not

Biology (10 decks)

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