Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Energy for Life - Animals > Flashcards

Energy for Life - Animals Flashcards

Respiration, Inhalation, Digestion, Circulatory System

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

Cell respiration is the process of breaking down food molecules to release ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose is not completely broken down so less ATP is released. It also produce toxic waste products.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

When cells respire without using oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anaerobic respiration in animals equation

A

glucose —> lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does we stop lactic acid building up

A

By oxidising it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What components make up the lungs?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Bronchiole
  4. Ribs
  5. Intercostal muscles
  6. Diaphragm
  7. Pleural membrane
  8. Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens during inhalation?

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts - moving down and flattening
  2. Rib cage moves up and outand the intercostal muscles contract.
  3. This causes the volume of the thorax to increase and air pressure in the thorax to decrease
  4. Air pressure in the thorax is less than atmospheric pressure causing air to move into the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during exhalation?

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes - moving up and doming
  2. Intercostal muscles relax and rib cage moves down and in
  3. This cause the volume of the thorax to decrease and air pressure in the thorax
  4. Air pressure in the thorax is now more than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move out of the
    lungs. to rise.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A
  1. Large surface area
    increases the rate of diffusion.
  2. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries this maintains a high concentration gradient and so speeds up diffusion.
  3. The walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick for a short diffusion distance.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why does breathing rate increase during exercise?

A

We increase breathing rate during exercise as a response to increased levels of CO2 in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the harmful effects of smoking?

A
  1. Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide which permanetly binds to haemoglobin reducing the amount of oxygen that is transported by the blood.
  2. Tobacco smoke destroys cilia so musuc cannot be removed as easily.
  3. Smoke can damage alveoli so less oxgen gets to the blood this can cause an emphysema.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

Forms part of the haemoglobin which binds to oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Deficiency disease of iron

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of calcium in the body?

A

To form bones and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Deficiency disease of calcium

A

rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamin A function in the body?

A

Making a chemical in the retina and protecting the surface of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin A causes…

A

Night blindness and damaged cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Vitamin C function in the body?

A

Needed for cells and tissues to stick together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin C causes…

A

Scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vitamin D function in the body?

A

Needed to absorb calcium and phosphate ions from food.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D causes…

A

Rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do we need to eat fibre?

A

Fibre helps to movement of food through the intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ingestion definition

A

Taking food in through the mouth and swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Digestion definition

A

Breaking down large insoluble molecules in food into smaller soluble molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Investigating the energy content of food practical method.

A
  1. Measure 25cm3 of water, pour it into the boiling tube
  2. Record the starting temperature.
  3. Light the foodstuff over a Bunsen, then hold the food under a boiling tube of water to heat it.
  4. If the food stops burning, it needs to be relit until it will no longer burn.
  5. Measure the finishing temperature of the
    water and calculate the temperature change.
  6. Use the following equation to determine energy:
    Energy released (J) = mass of water (g) x rise in temperature (°C) x 4.2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Absorption definition

A

Movement of small soluble molecules out of the gut and into the blood by diffusion and active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Egestion definition

A

Passion out undigested food through the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Assimilation definition

A

Building larger biological molecules from the small soluble molecules in all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe how mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth

A

Food is broken up into smaller pieces in the mouth by chewing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe how chemical digestion occurs in the mouth

A

Saliva is released into the mouth by the salivary glands. The saliva contains the enzyme amylase which breaks starch down into maltose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How do we swallow?

A

The food is shaped into a ball (bolus) by the tongue and moved towards the back of the mouth. Food is then pushed down the oesophagus by peristalsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Two sets of muscles push the food down the oesophagus. The circular muscles contract behind the bolus pushing it along. When the longitudinal muscles contract they make the oesophagus wider.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

it is a flap that blocks the food from entering the trachea.

36
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

The oesophagus is a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

37
Q

What enzyme is produced in the stomach?

A

pepsin

38
Q

What is the role of pepsin in the stomach?

A

It begins the process of digesting proteins into peptides

39
Q

Why does the stomach contract?

A

To maximise contact between enzymes and food.

40
Q

Why is hydrochloric acid released in the stomach?

A

Because pepsin works best in acidic conditions.
It also kills many bacteria and fungi which may be present in the food we eat.

41
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine.

42
Q

What is the role of trypsin in the duodenum?

A

To break down proteins into peptides.

43
Q

What is the role of amylase in the duodenum?

A

To break down starch into maltose

44
Q

What is the role of lipase in the duodenum?

A

To break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

45
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

It is the site of chemical digestion

46
Q

What is the role of maltase in the duodenum?

A

To break down maltose into glucose

47
Q

What is the role of peptidase in the duodenum?

A

To break down peptides into amino acids.

48
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

49
Q

What is the role of bile in the duodenum?

A

1) Neutralises the stomach acid. Enzymes in the duodenum work best at pH 7-8.

2) Emulsifies lipids - breaks large droplets into smaller droplets, increasing the surface area for lipase to digest the fats

50
Q

What is the ileum?

A

The second part of the small intestine

51
Q

What happens in the ileum?

A

Small molecules are absorbed by diffusion. Some such as glucose are also absorbed via active transport.

52
Q

How is the rate of diffusion increased in the ileum?

A

Large surface area - folding of ileum, villi and microvilli (folds on the surface of cells lining the villi) all increase surface area.

Short diffusion distance - the villi walls are one cell thick

High concentration gradient provided by capillary network and lacteals removing absorbed molecules.

53
Q

What are the two parts of the large intestine?

A

The colon and the rectum

54
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

The colon is the site for all reabsorption of water. The faeces are then stored in the rectum and egested from the anus.

55
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood?

A

to the lungs FROM the heart.

56
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein carry blood?

A

from the lungs TO the heart

57
Q

Where does the vena cava carry blood?

A

from the body TO the heart.

58
Q

Where does the aorta carry blood?

A

to the body FROM the heart

59
Q

Where does the hepatic artery carry blood?

A

from the heart TO the liver

60
Q

Where does the mesenteric artery carry blood?

A

from the heart TO gut

61
Q

Where does the renal artery carry blood?

A

from the heart TO the kidneys

62
Q

Where does the hepatic vein carry blood?

A

from the liver TO the heart

63
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein carry blood?

A

from the gut TO the liver

64
Q

Where does the renal vein carry blood?

A

from the kidneys TO the heart

65
Q

What type of circulatory system do human have?

A

A double circulatory system

66
Q

What are the four chambers in the heart?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
67
Q

Which ventricle wall is thicker?

A

Left

68
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall thicker?

A

So it can pump blood at higher pressures so that the blood can travel around the whole body.

69
Q

What valve is in-between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

70
Q

What valve is in-between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid

71
Q

What valve is in-between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery?

A

Semi-lunar valve

72
Q

What valve is in-between the left ventricle and aorta?

A

Semi-lunar valve

73
Q

What happens to the heart when we exercise?

A

1) When we exercise muscles produce more CO2 in aerobic respiration.
2) Sensors in the aorta and carotid artery detect this increase
3) They send nerve impulses to the medulla
4) The medulla responds by sending nerve impulses along the accelerator nerve
5) The accelerator nerve increases the heart rate

74
Q

Why do we need a higher heart rate when we exercise?

A

To meet the demands of increased aerobic respiration.

75
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Transports blood cells and many other substances, including:
glucose, amino acids, urea, carbon dioxide, hormones, proteins and heat energy.

76
Q

What is the role of RBCs?

A

Transports oxygen, bound to haemoglobin.

77
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Release chemicals when the blood is exposed to air.
Causing soluble fibrinogen to be converted to insoluble fibrin.
Fibrin forms a mesh, which traps platelets and red blood cells - this is a clot

78
Q

What is the role of phagocytes?

A

To engulf and digest pathogens

79
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

To make and release antibodies, which bind to and destroy pathogens

80
Q

How are red blood cells specialised for their job?

A

Red blood cells contain haemoglobin, which combines with oxygen to form - this transports oxygen to respiring cells

They have no nucleus, so more oxygen can be transported.

They are biconcave this increases their surface area: volume ratio. This increases the rate of diffusion.

81
Q

Structure of an artery?

A
  • thick outer wall
  • thick elastic layer
  • thick muscular layer
  • small lumen
82
Q

Structure of a vein?

A
  • fairly thin outer wall
  • thin elastic layer
  • thin muscular layer
  • has valves
83
Q

Structure of a capillary?

A
  • wall is one cell thick
  • very small lumen
84
Q

What factors increase the risk of having CHD

A

Diet - eating lots of saturated fat increases blood cholesterol and increases the risk of fatty deposits

Smoking - increases blood pressure and increases the risk of fatty deposits forming

High blood pressure - damages the artery lining and increases the risk of fatty deposits forming. High salt levels in your diet increase the risk of high blood pressure.

85
Q

What is CHD?

A

When fatty deposits will build up in the artery walls. The fatty deposits narrow the lumen of the artery. This is a
problem in the coronary arteries as it restricts blood flow to the heart muscles cells.

This means the heart muscle cells receive less oxygen (and glucose) for aerobic respiration. So aerobic respiration reduces and anaerobic respiration increases in the heart muscle cells.

Lactic acid will build up due to the increase in anaerobic respiration, poisoning the heart muscle cells and causing heart attacks.

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions