Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Coordination and Control > Flashcards

Coordination and Control Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types of neuron?

A

Sensory neurones, Relay neurones, Motor neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Change in the animal’s surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the receptor?

A

Is the organ which detects the change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the effector?

A

Muscles are the effectors and they contract as you catch the ball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the reflex that occurs when we touch a hot object?

A
  1. The receptors detect the stimulus (change in temperature) and send an impulse along the sensory neurone.
  2. The sensory neurone passes the impulse to the spinal cord to a relay neurone. The gap between neurones is called a synapse. The relay neurone then passes the impulse through the spinal cord
    to a motor neurone.
  3. The motor neurone causes the
    effector (in this case arm muscle) to
    contract and move the arm away
    from the stimulus (hot object).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a synapse/

A

The gap between two neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe how impulses travel across synapses.

A
  1. An electrical impulse travels along an axon.
  2. This triggers the nerve-ending of a neuron to release chemical
    messengers - neurotransmitters.
  3. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and bind with receptor
    molecules on the membrane of the next neuron.
  4. The receptor molecules on the second neuron bind only to the specific chemicals released from the first neuron. This stimulates the second neuron to transmit the electrical impulse.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the cornea and what’s it role?

A

A curved transparent disc at the front of the eye that focuses on objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the pupil and what’s it role?

A

A circular opening whose size is controlled by the iris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the iris and what’s it role?

A

A ring of muscles with a hole in the middle - it controls the amount of light that enters the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the lens and what’s it role?

A

It is flexible and transparent - it changes shape to focus light on the retina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the ciliary muscles and what’s their role?

A

A ring of muscles at the edge of the eye which circles the lens - it controls the shape of the lens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens to the lens when the ciliary muscles contract?

A

the lens gets fatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the lens when the ciliary muscles relax?

A

the lens gets thinner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments?

A

Strong fibres which attach the lens to the ciliary muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the retina

A

The back part of the eye that contains light sensitive cells called rods and cones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the optic nerve and what’s it role?

A

Consists of many neurons which carry impulses from the retina to the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the fovea?

A

The region of the retina with the most cones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the conjunctiva and what’s its role?

A

A mucous membrane that covers the eye preventing inflection.

21
Q

What happens to the eye in dim light?

A

In dim light the radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax. This makes the iris narrower and the pupil dilates.

22
Q

What happens to the eye in bright light?

A

In bright light the circular muscles contract and the radial muscles relax. This makes the iris wider and the pupil constricts.

23
Q

What happens when we want to focus on an object far away?

A
  • Relaxing ciliary muscles
  • Meaning suspensory ligaments are therefore pulled tight.
  • Lens is pulled thin and has a less convex shape.
  • Therefore there is less refraction of light.
24
Q

Differences in speed of endocrine to nervous system?

A

Endocrine: slow
Nervous: fast

25
Q

What happens when we want to focus on an object close up?

A
  • Contracting the ciliary muscles
  • Meaning suspensory ligaments are therefore slack.
  • Lens is not stretched out so becomes thicker with more is more convex shape
  • Therefore there is more refraction of light.
26
Q

Differences in responses to the message in endocrine and nervous system?

A

Endocrine: only target cells respond
Nervous: message sent to target muscle or gland.

27
Q

Differences in way message is sent in endocrine and nervous system?

A

Endocrine: via the blood (in plasma)
Nervous: along neurons

28
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system in the body?

A

Controls long term processes such as reproduction and growth

29
Q

What is the role of the nervous system in the body?

A

Used when a fast response is needed

30
Q

Key glands in the body?

A
  • thyroid
  • brain
  • pancreas
  • adrenal
  • testis
    -ovaries
31
Q

What is the role of insulin and where is it produced?

A

ROLE:
Causes liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen for storage.
PRODUCED IN:
Pancreas

32
Q

What is the role of ADH and where is it produced?

A

ROLE:
Reduces the amount of water lost in urine
PRODUCED IN:
Pituitary gland

33
Q

What is the role of adrenaline and where is it produced?

A

ROLE:
Increases heart and breathing rate for fight, fright or flight.
PRODUCED IN:
Adrenal gland

34
Q

What happens when too many glucose are detected?

A
  • Too much glucose in blood
  • pancreas produces insulin which enters blood
  • Insulin allows glucose to be absorbed by body cells.
  • Blood glucose restored.
35
Q

What happens when too few glucose are detected?

A
  • normal levels of glucose in blood
  • insulin not produced by pancreas
  • less glucose absorbed by cells.
  • blood glucose remains the same.
36
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

37
Q

How does the body control temperature?

A
  1. sweating
  2. shivering
  3. controlling heat loss by controlling the amount of blood which flows near the surface of the skin
38
Q

What happens when we are cold?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Hairs stand on end (this traps hair which acts as an insulator)
  • Less sweat produced
39
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Arterioles supplying the capillaries near the surface of the skin constrict. Less blood will
flow through capillaries near the surface of the skin, therefore less heat will be lost by radiation.

40
Q

What happens when we are hot?

A
  • Vasodialation
  • More sweat released
  • Hair lie flat
41
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Arterioles supplying the capillaries near the surface of the skin dilate. More blood will flow through
capillaries near the surface of the skin, therefore more heat will be lost by radiation.

42
Q

Why do we sweat when we are hot?

A

When the sweat evaporates, heat energy is taken away from the skin as evaporation of water requires
energy, this cools us down.

43
Q

What happens when there is too much water in the blood?

A
  1. High levels of water detected by hypothalamus.
  2. Less ADH secreted by the pituitary gland
  3. Collecting duct in kidneys made less permeable to water.
  4. Less water absorbed back into blood.
  5. More dilute urine produces
  6. Blood water level back to normal
44
Q

What happens when there is too little water in the blood?

A
  1. Low levels of water detected by hypothalamus.
  2. More ADH secreted by the pituitary gland
  3. Collecting duct in kidneys made more permeable to water.
  4. More water absorbed back into blood.
  5. Less urine produced
  6. Blood water level back to normal
45
Q

What is a tropism?

A

The growth of a plant towards a directional stimulus.

46
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Phototropism - the growth response to light from one direction. Growth towards the
light it is called a positive phototropism

47
Q

What is geotropism?

A

Geotropism - the growth response to gravity. Growth towards gravity it is called a positive geotropism

48
Q

What happens when light is detected by the tip of a shoot?

A
  • Light is detected by shoot tip
  • Auxin is produced
  • Auxin diffuses down shaded side of shoot because light kills auxin
  • Auxin causes cells to elongate.
  • This causes shoot to bend towards the light source.

Biology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions