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Information technology > Hardware and Software > Flashcards

Hardware and Software Flashcards

1
Q

Modular design

A

a computer made up of many parts

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2
Q

advantages of a modular design

A

=repairs -allows user to remover nd replace only necessary parts
=upgrades -simplifies the upgrading of the computer with better hardware
=fexibility-allows a variety of components to be added to the motherboard depending on the user’s needs

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3
Q

hyperthreading

A

process which breaks a single physical processor into two logical/virtual processors

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4
Q

multithreading

A

process that simultaneously runs numerous threads in a single process

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5
Q

multiprocessing

A

having multiple CPUs called cores on a single CPU chip. Instead of duplicating the registers only, the entire core is duplicated on the CPU chip. Processes re executed at the same time which is parallel processing.

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6
Q

processor cache

A

The speed of the processor which is much faster than the speed of the RAM .LU1 cache has the same speed as the CPU internal speed.LU2 is slightly larger than LU1 and has slower access.LU3 is on or near the CPU chip and has the lowest access.

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7
Q

register size

A

indicates how much information the processor can operate at one time and how it moves data around internally within the chip

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8
Q

Bus size

A

the amount of bits than can be simultaneously transferred on a bus

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9
Q

Bus size

A

the amount of bits that can be simultaneously transferred on a bus. The bigger the bus…

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10
Q

overclocking

A

the practice of making computer components run at speeds faster than designed by manipulating the frequencies at which the components are set to run

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11
Q

overclocking per component

A

the CPU operates faster than the system clock by changing its own clock maipulation factor

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12
Q

overclocking the whole system

A

the system clock is increased affecting all components that detect the system clock and multiply a factor

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13
Q

onboard

A

a term used to describe a hardware coponent embedded into a circuit board.Users cannot remove these components from their computer like expansion cards

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14
Q

expansion cards

A

printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot on a computer’s mpotherboard to add functionaltiy to a computer system

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15
Q

motherboard

A

a large circuit board which connect components of the CPU and connectors for other peripherals

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16
Q

co-processor

A

an assistant to the CPU by taking over the burden of some of the processing.Most common co-processors are graphics and maths

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17
Q

graphics processing unit

A

a computer chip that renders graphics and images by performing rapid mathematical calculations

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18
Q

The main components of a graphics card

A
  • a motherboard connection for data and power
    -a processor to render each pixel on the screen
    -memory to store details about each pixel and temporarily store completed pictures
    -monitor connection to view images
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19
Q

VRAM

A

type of RAM that stores data about each pixel ,its colour and location on the screen

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20
Q

intergrated graphics

A

a GPU built onto the processor and shares the system RAM instead of having a separate RAM

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21
Q

advantages of using integrated graphics

A

cost- the computer will be more affordable
less heat and less power usage -rsults in longer battery life in mobile devices

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22
Q

math co-processor

A

Helps the ALU of the CPU process complex calculations using numeric data such as integers of real numbers.It is designed to perform floating point calculations extremely quickly

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23
Q

advantages of a maths co-processor

A

calculations are processed faster improving performance

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24
Q

disadvantages of a maths co-processor

A
  1. the cost of additional co-processor
  2. the required motherboard space
  3. great power consumption
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25
Q

frequency

A

the amount of data that can travel to and from RAM at a time

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26
Q

latency

A

how quickly it takes for RAM to respond to a request

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27
Q

virtual memory

A

an area of a computer system’s secondary memory storage space that acts as if it were a part of the system’s RAM or primary memory

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28
Q

paging file

A

data stored in virtual memory on your secondary storage device

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29
Q

internal bus

A

loca busses situated on the motherboard and are an integral part of the processing capabilities f the computer

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30
Q

external bus

A

a bus that primarily connects external devices to a computer (PCI Express, SATA , USB,NVMe, M.2. format )

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31
Q

USB standards

A

indicates the speed and function.This is USB 3.1 , 3.2 and USB 2.0

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32
Q

USB ports

A

indicates the shape of the port in you computer or device .This is USB Type-A ,Type-B ,Type-C

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33
Q

USB Type-A

A

familiar rectangular port which is usually the host device meaning it provides electricity and controls data transfers to attached devices

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34
Q

USB Type-B

A

a square-shaped plug that is often for external hard drives and printers

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35
Q

USB 3.0 (micro B)

A

introduced before TYPE-C to carry data and power in USBis superspeed applications .The cables for this are not backwards compatible with USB 2.0 or 1.1 devices

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36
Q

USB Type-C

A

reversible port that is similar to USB 3.0(micro) which allows charging with bi-directional power .The host can charge the peripheral but if the host runs low,the peripheral can charge the host

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37
Q

USB on the go

A

allows mobile devices to act as USB hosts (in android phones)

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38
Q

HDMI

A

proprietary specification designed to ensure compatibility between video and audio devices over a single digital interference

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39
Q

display port

A

an interference for digital displays,particularly computer monitors. Display port supports daisy chaining

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40
Q

daisy chaining

A

connecting multiple monitors with a single cable

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41
Q

thunderbolt ports

A

a port designed by apple to compete with USB but the 3rd version uses the same USB-C port and cable to transfer adta at high speed ,connect to high resolution displays and perform other tasks

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42
Q

secondary storage

A

the storage of data that is not accessed frequently as the data in primary storage, this includes SSDs and HDDs

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43
Q

M.2 format

A

a small form factor that describes the shape and size of a hardware device

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44
Q

SATA

A

An older,slower bus ,that defines how data is transferred between a computer’s motherboard and mass storage devices

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45
Q

PCIe

A

a seria l expansion bus standard for connecting a computer to oe or more peripheral devices.It provides lower latency ad higher data transfer rates than PCI and PCI-X

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46
Q

SERVER COMPUTER

A

a powerful computer that provides resources to other computers in a network such as sharing data or performing computations

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47
Q

characteristics of SSD

A

-has a semi conductor flash chips (integrated circuit assembly)
- no moving mechanical parts
-resistant to physica; shcok ,run silently ,quicker access time ,lower latency
-more expensive
-consume less power
- 3 times less boot time

48
Q

characteristics of HDD

A

-consists of a read/write heads and a revolving disks
- prone to physical shocks ,makes noise ,slowera\ access time and higher latency
- less expensive
-three times more boot time
-consume three times more power than SSD

49
Q

forur stages of CPU processes simple instructions

A

= Fetch-a program instruction from memory
=decode and understand the instruction
=execute-the instruction, using data
=store the result obtained back in the ain memory or send to an output device.

50
Q

small form factor

A

a computer designed to take up less space

51
Q

non-volatile memory express

A

a storage access and bus for flash and next generation SSDs that delivers the highest throuhput and fstest response times yet for all types of enterprise workloads.An updated version of SSDs

52
Q

entry level computers

A

-slowest CPU,it has the minimum mount of RAM ,storage and lowest screen resolutions
-2 to 2.7 GHz
-4 GB RAM
-500 GB hard drive
-HD graphic cards
-Performs web surfing , emails and basic business tasks .Suited for small businesses that do not need high performance

53
Q

MId-level computer

A

-2 to 4 cores
-2 to 3 GHz processor
- 4,6 to 8 GB RAM
-1TB HDD or up to 512GB SSD
-UHD graphics card
-suited ofr users that need faster processing and better graphics and better graphics for business but do not need the expenses of the best and fastest .

54
Q

high lever computers

A

(15) - 4 to 6 cores
-2.4 to 3.4 GHz processor
- 8 GB RAM
-1TB to 2TB HDD or up to 256 to 480 GB SSD
-UHD graphics card

(17)
- 4 to 8 cores
-3.2 GHz processor
- 8 GB RAM
-1TB to 2TB HDD or up to 256 to 480 GB SSD
-FOR users needing advanced features of apps

55
Q

wearable technology

A

technology is worn near or on the skin with the purpose of detecting ,analysing and transmitting information about the user to provide immediate biological feedback to the user

56
Q

head-mounted display

A

technology worn on the head or is embedded in a helmet with a small display for one or both eyes used in gaming ,aviation,engineering and medicine

57
Q

AR

A

the intergaration of digital information with the iserss environment in real time

58
Q

VR

A

the use of computer tech to create a simulated environment which can be xplored in 360 degrees

59
Q

mobile tech constraints

A

1 screen size
-single window
touch screen
computing power
battery life
power consumption

60
Q

chipsets

A

a set of chips used on a motherboard to connect components

61
Q

front side bus

A

a bus within the microprocessor itself that connects the CPU and the rest of the hardware via chipset ,particularly the northbridge

62
Q

address bus

A

trab=nsfer the physicsl address of the instructons or data between the CPU and RAM

63
Q

direct memory access controller

A

the controller that controls the memory on a hard disk

64
Q

data bus

A

transfers the actual instruction or data between the CPU and RAM

65
Q

Register

A

holding cell within the porcessor

66
Q

serial processing

A

problem is broken down into a ste of instructions that are executed sequentially

67
Q

parallel processing

A

a method of simultaneous breaking up and running program instructions on multiple microporcessors ,reducing rpcessing time

68
Q

control bus

A

carrues comands between the CPU and the RAM

69
Q

system clock

A

a very small quartz that pulses at a regular frequency

70
Q

characteristics of RAM

A

-has no moving parts
-fast
-volatile= it loses its contents if the power supply is interyuppted
-expensive -more expensive per gigabyte than storage
-limited- the aount of memory and number of slots are limuted

71
Q

serial transmission

A

data is transmitted one bit at a time

72
Q

parallel transmission

A

data is sent along multiple wires at the same time but is susceptipble to inferference

73
Q

magnetic hard disks

A

nonvolatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidly rotating platters with magnetic surfaces

74
Q

access time

A

time taken when data is accesses for the HDD

75
Q

cloud drive

A

a web based service that provides storage space on a remote server

76
Q

advantages of Cloud storage

A
  • highly reliable and available
  • pay as you go, billed on actual use
    -geographic scalability
  • no hardwate purchase needed
    -highly secure environment
77
Q

disadvantages of Cloud storage

A

-higher latency and lower bandwidth (slower performance)
-dependent on the internet connection
- privacy issues
-customer support

78
Q

ROM

A

a memory chip that permamnently stores instructionns and data

79
Q

EEPROM

A

electrically erasable programmable read only memory

80
Q

Bus

A

a set of wire used to transfer data between the parts of a compute

81
Q

point to point connections

A

connections dedicated to transferring data between the RAM and CPU and can operate at maximu speed withou being nteruppted by data of other devices

82
Q

cookies

A

a piece of data form a website that is stored withing a web browser that the website van retrieve at a later time

83
Q

cache

A

a cache is a hardware or software component that stored data so that future requests for that data can be accessed faster

84
Q

web cache

A

a feature that copies and saves web page data for future use

85
Q

M.2 format

A

a small form factor that describes the shape and size of a hardware device

86
Q

BIOS

A

is low-level software that redied\s in anon-volatile ROM chip on a computer’s motherboard.

87
Q

what is the BIOS responsible for

A

the POST and loading of the operating system

88
Q

when the computer is turned on the following steps are followed:

A

=The BIOS begins the POST to check the hardware.
=An inventory of the hardware connected to the computer is contained in the CMOS
=The hardware is tested to determine if it is functioning properly
=The BIOS locates the MBR, a section of code usually stored on the hard disk drive. The MBR is responsible for loading and executing the operating system kernel, which continues with the start-up procedure.

89
Q

kernel

A

the core of a computer’s operating system that remains in RAM. It is responsible for input/output requests from software, translating them into instructions for the CPU. It handles memory and peripherals like keyboards, monitors, printers, and speakers.

90
Q

CMOS

A

is a battery-backed up, volatile memory

91
Q

what does CMOS store?

A

hardware settings

92
Q

UEFI

A

a more efficient system to start up

93
Q

advantages of UEFI

A

=can boot from drivers of 2.2 TB or larger
= can run in 32-bit or 62-bit mode which has more address space than BIOS means that it boots faster
=setup screens can be more user-friendly than BIOS setting screens, including graphics and mouse cursor support.BIOS does not have the capability of using mouse and graphics drivers.

94
Q

other features of UEFI

A

=it supports secure boot, which means that the operating system can be checked for validity to ensure no malware has tampered with the boot process.
=support networking features right in the UEFI firmware itself, which can aid in remote troubleshooting and configuration, which is not possible with the traditional BIOS
= it is not a BIOS replacement either, UEFI is essentially a tiny operating system that runs on top of a computer’s firmware, and it can do a lot more than a BIOS.
=It may be stored in flash memory on the motherboard or it may be loaded from a hard drive or network share a boot.

95
Q

interrupts

A

a signal sent to the CPU from hardware or software indicating the need for the CPU’S attention.

96
Q

software interrupts

A

a signal sent to the CPU from hardware or software indicating the need for the CPU’S attention. Generated from programs.

97
Q

hardware interrupts

A

when a signal is sent from a device, such as a keyboard indicating that a key has been pressed, or a printer that has run out of paper.

98
Q

IRQs??

A

interrupt request number which the CPU uses to identify which device is interrupting it.

99
Q

IO range

A

a temporary storage area in RAM used to speed up a slow input/output device

100
Q

processing techniques

A

designed to optimize the efficiency of a computer system.

101
Q

multitasking

A

is it a technique used by the operating system to appear to be running several programs at the same time?

102
Q

how does multi-tasking work

A

=a process occupies a certain amount of RAM. It also makes use of register within the CPU and operating system memory space
=when 2 processes are multi-tasking, the operating system allows a certain number of CPU execution cycles to one program.
=After that number of cycles, the operating system makes copies of all the registers used by the processes and notes the point at which the process paused in its execution.
=It then loads all the registers used by the second process and allows it a certain number of CPU cycles.
=When those are complete it makes copies of all the registers used by the second program and loads the first program.

103
Q

virtual memory

A

memory that appears to exist as main storage although most of it is supported by data held in secondary storage, transfer between the two being made automatically as required.

104
Q

translator

A

software programming tools that convert code into another type of code. They translate the source code into code that the CPU can understand

105
Q

what can a translator refer to

A

a compiler
assembler
interpreter

106
Q

high-level language

A

contain a high level of abstraction where the underlying workings of the computer are hidden from the programmer and are closer to human languages.

107
Q

low-level languages

A

are closer to machine language and generally refer t machine language or assembly language.

108
Q

interpreter

A

reads each program line, converts it into machine code, and executes it

109
Q

machine code generation

A

compile source code directly into machine code by creating a file called the object code.

110
Q

compiler

A

the compiler takes the entire source code and translates it into machine code

111
Q

intermediate representations

A

occurs in 2 steps; the language is first compiled to an intermediate representation called a bytecode and the second the representation can be executed without the need to re-read the source file.

112
Q

Describe the control unit.

A

sends and receives signals from and to different parts of the comouter
supervises the fetch decode execute cycle
ensures all data and instructions are processed at the right time, in the right order
directs the flow of data and instructions

113
Q

Describe the Arithmetic and logic unit.

A

processes and manipulates data

performs simple arithmetic calcs and logic operations e.g. comparing values

114
Q

Why are registers required in the CPU?

A

to store results from ALU

for the CU to store details of operations being dealt with by fde cycle

115
Q

Describe what registers are.

A

Temporary fast access storage location in the cpu where info is temporarily stored

116
Q

serial processing

A

can only process one instruction at a time. The processor has a single core where the problem was broken into a set

Information technology (11 decks)

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