Hardware Flashcards
Known as the brain of the computer, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is responsible for executing instructions and managing the operations of other components.
Cpu
Volatile memory like RAM (Random Access Memory) loses its stored data when the power is off, providing temporary storage for active processes.
Ram
The BIOS is stored in ROM (Read-Only Memory), a non-volatile memory that retains data even when powered off.
ROM
The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) handles the rendering of images, animations, and video output to a display.
GPU
The motherboard provides communication pathways between the computer’s components, allowing them to work together.
Motherboard
The Windows Operating System is an example of system software, managing hardware and running applications.
Windows OS
Application software is designed for specific user tasks like word processing, web browsing, and gaming.
Application Software
A keyboard is an input peripheral used to enter data and commands into the computer.
Keyboard
Output peripherals, such as monitors or printers, display or present data from the computer to the user.
Output Peripherals
A USB flash drive is an example of a storage peripheral, used to store and transfer data.
Storage Peripherals
The mouse is an input device that allows users to navigate the graphical interface and issue commands.
Mouse
Device drivers are essential for enabling communication between the computer’s hardware and software.
Device driver
Software provides instructions for hardware to perform tasks, making them closely interrelated.
Hardware-Software Interaction
The OS manages hardware resources and software applications, enabling users to interact with the computer.
Operating System
Unlike real-time or network operating systems, application OS does not exist, making it an incorrect option for operating system types.
Application Software
SSDs use flash memory for faster data access, while HDDs rely on magnetic storage, making SSDs faster.
SSD vs HDD
DDR4 RAM is the common memory type used in modern desktop and laptop computers due to its speed and efficiency.
DDR4
The PSU converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), providing power to internal components.
Power Supply Unit(PSU)
A CPU cooler prevents the processor from overheating, ensuring stable performance and prolonging its lifespan.
CPU Cooler
__________ facilitates heat transfer from the CPU to the cooler, aiding in temperature management.
Thermal Paste
As the central hub, the motherboard connects the CPU, RAM, and other hardware components.
Motherboard
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is commonly used to connect monitors or displays to computers
HDMI port
—————— includes drivers that allow communication between hardware devices and the OS.
System Software
grants access to its source code, unlike proprietary software, which keeps its code private.
Open Source System
manages internal processes like memory management and multitasking, essential for smooth operation.
Operating System
is a type of application software designed to perform specific tasks, such as spreadsheet calculations.
Microsoft Exel
is a common interface for connecting modern input devices like keyboards and mice.
USB Universal Serial Bus
functions as an output device, converting digital documents into printed form.
Printer
such as network cards or modems, allow devices to communicate over a network.
Communication Peripherals
is an input peripheral that captures images and converts them into a digital format for storage and editing.
Scanner
are primarily used to store and retrieve data, not process it.
Storage Peripherals
is a necessary step to ensure a keyboard functions correctly with a computer.
Driver Installation
The OS serves as an intermediary between users and the computer’s hardware, facilitating communication and management.
OS Hardware Interaction
When software sends a ______________, the OS mediates and interprets it before communicating with the printer.
print command
When a ______________, the OS first allocates the necessary memory and resources for it to run.
program is opining process
Key internal components designing a desktop computer for gaming purposes.
1.CPU
2.GPU
3.RAM
4.Storage(SDD/HDD)
5.MOTHERBOARD
6.PSU
7.COOLER
8.CASE(Chassis)
Aspects of Hardware Interaction to Improve When Developing an Operating System:
. Device Drivers and Hardware Abstraction:
b. Power Management:
c. Memory Management:
d. Input/Output (I/O) Optimization:
e. Multi-Core and Multithreaded Processing:
f. Security and Hardware-Level Protections:
g. Networking and Connectivity:
Key Features in Mobile Operating Systems:
a. User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX):
Feature: Provide a touch-optimized, intuitive, and responsive user interface, with gestures (swipe, pinch, tap) and adaptive layouts for different screen sizes.
Focus: Prioritize smooth animations, minimal loading times, and accessibility features to cater to a wide range of users.
b. App Store and Ecosystem Integration:
Feature: Offer access to a rich app ecosystem with a secure, user-friendly app store for downloading and managing applications.
Focus: Provide seamless integration with services like cloud storage, media streaming, and communication apps, while ensuring app safety and privacy.
c. Security and Privacy:
Feature: Incorporate features like biometric authentication (fingerprint, face recognition), app sandboxing, encryption, and secure boot.
Focus: Enhance privacy controls, allowing users to manage permissions for apps and control how their data is used.
d. Power Efficiency and Performance Optimization:
Feature: Implement advanced power management techniques like adaptive brightness, CPU throttling, and intelligent background task management.
Focus: Prioritize efficient multitasking, smooth UI interactions, and power-saving modes to extend battery life.
e. Connectivity and Wireless Support:
Feature: Provide support for various wireless technologies like 5G, Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth, NFC, and mobile hotspot features.
Focus: Ensure seamless, fast, and secure wireless connectivity for calls, internet, and IoT devices.
f. Cloud Integration and Syncing:
Feature: Offer deep integration with cloud services for seamless data backup, app sync, and file sharing across devices.
Focus: Allow users to easily sync contacts, photos, documents, and apps between mobile devices, tablets, and desktops.
g. Multitasking and App Management:
Feature: Support advanced multitasking features like split-screen, picture-in-picture, and quick app switching.
Focus: Provide efficient memory and task management to run multiple apps without slowing down the device.
h. Security Updates and Support:
Feature: Provide regular security patches and OS updates to fix vulnerabilities and add new features.
Focus: Ensure timely updates to maintain security and improve overall device performance.
Aspects to Prioritize in Designing a Printer:
a. Print Quality:
Aspect: Ensure high-resolution printing for both text and images, with clear, crisp output.
Focus: Offer varying print resolutions (e.g., 300-1200 dpi) for different use cases (documents, photos) and ensure accurate color reproduction.
b. Speed and Efficiency:
Aspect: Optimize print speeds (measured in pages per minute, or PPM) for both monochrome and color prints, balancing quality and speed.
Focus: Prioritize efficient paper handling to avoid paper jams and fast warm-up times for printers that enter sleep mode.
c. User Interface and Ease of Use:
Aspect: Design a simple, intuitive interface, whether on a touch screen or with physical buttons.
Focus: Provide easy-to-understand error messages, simple setup processes (especially for wireless printing), and clear indicator lights for status updates.
d. Connectivity Options:
Aspect: Include multiple connection options like Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, and mobile printing (e.g., AirPrint, Google Cloud Print).
Focus: Ensure seamless integration with PCs, smartphones, and cloud services, making it easy to print from any device.
e. Paper Handling and Versatility:
Aspect: Design the printer to support various paper sizes, types, and tray capacities for both home and office use.
Focus: Prioritize easy-to-use paper trays and feeder systems for handling different media, like envelopes, labels, or photo paper.
f. Ink or Toner Efficiency:
Aspect: Focus on reducing ink or toner usage without compromising print quality. Offer eco-friendly and cost-efficient printing modes (e.g., draft mode).
Focus: Optimize ink cartridge or toner life and provide affordable refill options, with clear indicators for low ink levels.
g. Noise and Power Consumption:
Aspect: Minimize noise during printing and ensure energy-efficient operation (especially for standby and sleep modes).
Focus: Design for quiet operation, making the printer suitable for environments like offices or homes where noise reduction is important.
h. Durability and Maintenance:
Aspect: Focus on long-lasting components and minimal maintenance requirements.
Focus: Ensure easy access to replaceable parts like ink cartridges, toners, and maintenance kits (rollers, drums). Design for minimal downtime and easy troubleshooting.
i. Security Features:
Aspect: Implement security measures for document handling, especially for business printers that process sensitive information.
Focus: Add features like secure printing (with PINs or passwords), encrypted data transfer, and network security options.
Developing a user-friendly and secure software.
Planning and Requirements Gathering
User-Friendly: Understand the target audience and their needs. Gather input from potential users, stakeholders, and domain experts. Prioritize ease of use, accessibility, and functionality.
Secure: Identify security requirements early on. Assess the risks, regulatory requirements (GDPR, HIPAA, etc.), and data sensitivity. Consider the security of both the system and the data.
2. User-Centered Design (UI/UX Design)
User-Friendly:
Simplicity: Design a clean, intuitive interface with minimal complexity. Focus on making navigation and interactions straightforward.
Consistency: Maintain consistency in design elements (buttons, fonts, colors) and functionality across the software.
Responsiveness: Ensure the software is responsive across devices (desktop, mobile, tablet).
Accessibility: Design for all users, including those with disabilities (e.g., screen readers, keyboard navigation).
Error Handling: Provide clear, actionable error messages that help users recover from mistakes.
Secure:
Authentication and Authorization: Implement strong authentication (e.g., two-factor authentication) and role-based access control (RBAC) to limit access to sensitive areas.
Secure Design Patterns: Use security-focused design principles, like least privilege, fail-safe defaults, and minimizing attack surface.
Form Validation: Prevent bad input using input validation, both on the client and server side.
