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Entrepreneurship > Hardware > Flashcards

Hardware Flashcards

1
Q

Known as the brain of the computer, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is responsible for executing instructions and managing the operations of other components.

A

Cpu

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2
Q

Volatile memory like RAM (Random Access Memory) loses its stored data when the power is off, providing temporary storage for active processes.

A

Ram

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3
Q

The BIOS is stored in ROM (Read-Only Memory), a non-volatile memory that retains data even when powered off.

A

ROM

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4
Q

The GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) handles the rendering of images, animations, and video output to a display.

A

GPU

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5
Q

The motherboard provides communication pathways between the computer’s components, allowing them to work together.

A

Motherboard

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6
Q

The Windows Operating System is an example of system software, managing hardware and running applications.

A

Windows OS

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7
Q

Application software is designed for specific user tasks like word processing, web browsing, and gaming.

A

Application Software

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8
Q

A keyboard is an input peripheral used to enter data and commands into the computer.

A

Keyboard

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9
Q

Output peripherals, such as monitors or printers, display or present data from the computer to the user.

A

Output Peripherals

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10
Q

A USB flash drive is an example of a storage peripheral, used to store and transfer data.

A

Storage Peripherals

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10
Q

The mouse is an input device that allows users to navigate the graphical interface and issue commands.

A

Mouse

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11
Q

Device drivers are essential for enabling communication between the computer’s hardware and software.

A

Device driver

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12
Q

Software provides instructions for hardware to perform tasks, making them closely interrelated.

A

Hardware-Software Interaction

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13
Q

The OS manages hardware resources and software applications, enabling users to interact with the computer.

A

Operating System

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14
Q

Unlike real-time or network operating systems, application OS does not exist, making it an incorrect option for operating system types.

A

Application Software

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15
Q

SSDs use flash memory for faster data access, while HDDs rely on magnetic storage, making SSDs faster.

A

SSD vs HDD

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16
Q

DDR4 RAM is the common memory type used in modern desktop and laptop computers due to its speed and efficiency.

A

DDR4

17
Q

The PSU converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), providing power to internal components.

A

Power Supply Unit(PSU)

18
Q

A CPU cooler prevents the processor from overheating, ensuring stable performance and prolonging its lifespan.

A

CPU Cooler

19
Q

__________ facilitates heat transfer from the CPU to the cooler, aiding in temperature management.

A

Thermal Paste

20
Q

As the central hub, the motherboard connects the CPU, RAM, and other hardware components.

A

Motherboard

21
Q

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is commonly used to connect monitors or displays to computers

A

HDMI port

22
Q

—————— includes drivers that allow communication between hardware devices and the OS.

A

System Software

23
Q

grants access to its source code, unlike proprietary software, which keeps its code private.

A

Open Source System

24
Q

manages internal processes like memory management and multitasking, essential for smooth operation.

A

Operating System

25
Q

is a type of application software designed to perform specific tasks, such as spreadsheet calculations.

A

Microsoft Exel

26
Q

is a common interface for connecting modern input devices like keyboards and mice.

A

USB Universal Serial Bus

27
Q

functions as an output device, converting digital documents into printed form.

A

Printer

28
Q

such as network cards or modems, allow devices to communicate over a network.

A

Communication Peripherals

29
Q

is an input peripheral that captures images and converts them into a digital format for storage and editing.

A

Scanner

30
Q

are primarily used to store and retrieve data, not process it.

A

Storage Peripherals

31
Q

is a necessary step to ensure a keyboard functions correctly with a computer.

A

Driver Installation

32
Q

The OS serves as an intermediary between users and the computer’s hardware, facilitating communication and management.

A

OS Hardware Interaction

33
Q

When software sends a ______________, the OS mediates and interprets it before communicating with the printer.

A

print command

34
Q

When a ______________, the OS first allocates the necessary memory and resources for it to run.

A

program is opining process

35
Q

Key internal components designing a desktop computer for gaming purposes.

A

1.CPU
2.GPU
3.RAM
4.Storage(SDD/HDD)
5.MOTHERBOARD
6.PSU
7.COOLER
8.CASE(Chassis)

36
Q

Aspects of Hardware Interaction to Improve When Developing an Operating System:

A

. Device Drivers and Hardware Abstraction:
b. Power Management:
c. Memory Management:
d. Input/Output (I/O) Optimization:
e. Multi-Core and Multithreaded Processing:
f. Security and Hardware-Level Protections:
g. Networking and Connectivity:

37
Q

Key Features in Mobile Operating Systems:

A

a. User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX):
Feature: Provide a touch-optimized, intuitive, and responsive user interface, with gestures (swipe, pinch, tap) and adaptive layouts for different screen sizes.
Focus: Prioritize smooth animations, minimal loading times, and accessibility features to cater to a wide range of users.
b. App Store and Ecosystem Integration:
Feature: Offer access to a rich app ecosystem with a secure, user-friendly app store for downloading and managing applications.
Focus: Provide seamless integration with services like cloud storage, media streaming, and communication apps, while ensuring app safety and privacy.
c. Security and Privacy:
Feature: Incorporate features like biometric authentication (fingerprint, face recognition), app sandboxing, encryption, and secure boot.
Focus: Enhance privacy controls, allowing users to manage permissions for apps and control how their data is used.
d. Power Efficiency and Performance Optimization:
Feature: Implement advanced power management techniques like adaptive brightness, CPU throttling, and intelligent background task management.
Focus: Prioritize efficient multitasking, smooth UI interactions, and power-saving modes to extend battery life.
e. Connectivity and Wireless Support:
Feature: Provide support for various wireless technologies like 5G, Wi-Fi 6, Bluetooth, NFC, and mobile hotspot features.
Focus: Ensure seamless, fast, and secure wireless connectivity for calls, internet, and IoT devices.
f. Cloud Integration and Syncing:
Feature: Offer deep integration with cloud services for seamless data backup, app sync, and file sharing across devices.
Focus: Allow users to easily sync contacts, photos, documents, and apps between mobile devices, tablets, and desktops.
g. Multitasking and App Management:
Feature: Support advanced multitasking features like split-screen, picture-in-picture, and quick app switching.
Focus: Provide efficient memory and task management to run multiple apps without slowing down the device.
h. Security Updates and Support:
Feature: Provide regular security patches and OS updates to fix vulnerabilities and add new features.
Focus: Ensure timely updates to maintain security and improve overall device performance.

38
Q

Aspects to Prioritize in Designing a Printer:

A

a. Print Quality:
Aspect: Ensure high-resolution printing for both text and images, with clear, crisp output.
Focus: Offer varying print resolutions (e.g., 300-1200 dpi) for different use cases (documents, photos) and ensure accurate color reproduction.
b. Speed and Efficiency:
Aspect: Optimize print speeds (measured in pages per minute, or PPM) for both monochrome and color prints, balancing quality and speed.
Focus: Prioritize efficient paper handling to avoid paper jams and fast warm-up times for printers that enter sleep mode.
c. User Interface and Ease of Use:
Aspect: Design a simple, intuitive interface, whether on a touch screen or with physical buttons.
Focus: Provide easy-to-understand error messages, simple setup processes (especially for wireless printing), and clear indicator lights for status updates.
d. Connectivity Options:
Aspect: Include multiple connection options like Wi-Fi, Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth, and mobile printing (e.g., AirPrint, Google Cloud Print).
Focus: Ensure seamless integration with PCs, smartphones, and cloud services, making it easy to print from any device.
e. Paper Handling and Versatility:
Aspect: Design the printer to support various paper sizes, types, and tray capacities for both home and office use.
Focus: Prioritize easy-to-use paper trays and feeder systems for handling different media, like envelopes, labels, or photo paper.
f. Ink or Toner Efficiency:
Aspect: Focus on reducing ink or toner usage without compromising print quality. Offer eco-friendly and cost-efficient printing modes (e.g., draft mode).
Focus: Optimize ink cartridge or toner life and provide affordable refill options, with clear indicators for low ink levels.
g. Noise and Power Consumption:
Aspect: Minimize noise during printing and ensure energy-efficient operation (especially for standby and sleep modes).
Focus: Design for quiet operation, making the printer suitable for environments like offices or homes where noise reduction is important.
h. Durability and Maintenance:
Aspect: Focus on long-lasting components and minimal maintenance requirements.
Focus: Ensure easy access to replaceable parts like ink cartridges, toners, and maintenance kits (rollers, drums). Design for minimal downtime and easy troubleshooting.
i. Security Features:
Aspect: Implement security measures for document handling, especially for business printers that process sensitive information.
Focus: Add features like secure printing (with PINs or passwords), encrypted data transfer, and network security options.

39
Q

Developing a user-friendly and secure software.

A

Planning and Requirements Gathering
User-Friendly: Understand the target audience and their needs. Gather input from potential users, stakeholders, and domain experts. Prioritize ease of use, accessibility, and functionality.
Secure: Identify security requirements early on. Assess the risks, regulatory requirements (GDPR, HIPAA, etc.), and data sensitivity. Consider the security of both the system and the data.
2. User-Centered Design (UI/UX Design)
User-Friendly:

Simplicity: Design a clean, intuitive interface with minimal complexity. Focus on making navigation and interactions straightforward.
Consistency: Maintain consistency in design elements (buttons, fonts, colors) and functionality across the software.
Responsiveness: Ensure the software is responsive across devices (desktop, mobile, tablet).
Accessibility: Design for all users, including those with disabilities (e.g., screen readers, keyboard navigation).
Error Handling: Provide clear, actionable error messages that help users recover from mistakes.
Secure:

Authentication and Authorization: Implement strong authentication (e.g., two-factor authentication) and role-based access control (RBAC) to limit access to sensitive areas.
Secure Design Patterns: Use security-focused design principles, like least privilege, fail-safe defaults, and minimizing attack surface.
Form Validation: Prevent bad input using input validation, both on the client and server side.

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